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⛄ 内容介绍
1.1 拉盖尔高斯光束原理
拉格尔高斯光束（Laguerre-Gauss beam）是一种特殊的激光束，其具有角动量和轨道角动量，因此具有较好的旋转、聚焦和传输特性，在光学成像、信息传输、光纤通信等领域得到了广泛研究和应用。在实际应用中，为了进一步提高拉格尔高斯光束的性能，可以采用叠加相位的方法，将多个拉格尔高斯光束进行组合。
具体来说，可以使用空间光调制器（Spatial Light Modulator, SLM）对不同的拉格尔高斯光束施加不同的相位调制，然后将它们叠加在一起。这样可以形成一个新的复合光束，其具有更优秀的成像、传输和调制性能。
在具体的实现过程中，需要先设计好叠加方案，确定每个拉格尔高斯光束的参数及相位调制函数。然后，通过SLM将这些调制函数叠加在一起，并将其输出到目标平面上。最后，可以利用光学相干检测技术对复合光束进行成像和分析，以验证其性能和效果。
1.2 拉盖尔高斯光束产生的基本流程
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激光源：首先需要一个激光器作为光源，可以是Nd:YAG、CO2、半导体激光器等。
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空间滤波：使用透镜或光栅等光学元件对激光进行空间滤波，以消除非基模（higher-order mode）成分。
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模式转换：通过空间光调制器（SLM）、光学棱镜或反射镜等光学元件，将高斯光束转变为拉盖尔高斯光束。
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调制相位：利用电子控制技术，对SLM或反射镜进行相位调制，生成所需的拉格尔高斯光束。
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测量与控制：使用光功率计、干涉仪、自适应光学系统等技术，对光束进行精确的测量和控制，提高光束的稳定性和重复性。
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应用：将拉盖尔高斯光束应用于光学成像、信息传输、量子通信、光纤陀螺等领域，发挥其独特的优势和特性。
⛄ 部分代码
clear all
close all
clc
%% Parameters
fd=100; % frequency doppler
ts=1e-3;
t=[0:ts:0.1-ts];
N=length(t); % 2M+1 complex Gaussian random variables
M=floor((N-1)/2);
f0=fd/M;
ind=f0; % frequency index
fmax=1e3; % maximum simulation frequency
fmin=-fmax; % minimum simulation frequency
fr=[fmin:ind:fmax]; % frequency range for simulation
zeta=0.175; % Underdamp value for zeta
w0=2*pi*fd/1.2; % Natural angular frequency
%% Third order filter
% Coefficients
a=w0^3;
b=(2*zeta*w0)+w0;
c=(2*zeta*(w0^2))+(w0^2);
%% building third order Filter in s-domain z-domain w-domain and f-domain
syms f s w; % define symbols
tf_s=tf(a,[1 b c a]); % 3rd order tf in S domain
tf_z=c2d(tf_s,ts,'tustin'); % tustin: bilinear transformation
h_s=(a/((s^3)+(b*(s^2))+(c*s)+a)); % 3rd order filter in S Dommain
h_W=subs(h_s,s,1i*w); % 3rd order filter in w Dommain
h_f=subs(h_W,w,(2*pi*f)); % 3rd order filter in f Dommain
%% AutoCorrelation
hv=subs(h_f,f,fr); % filter gain for each frequency
hv_double=double(hv); % convert gains into double
Autocorr=xcorr(hv_double); % Autocorrelation
Autocorr=real(Autocorr*(1/max(Autocorr))); % normalize AutoCorr
%% choose the values from AutoCorrelation to plot
L=ceil(length(Autocorr)/4);
AutocorrPlot=Autocorr(L:end-L+1); % remove the first and fourth quarters
plot(fr/fd,AutocorrPlot) % Plot AutoCorrelation with rexpect to f/fd
title('Third Order Filter (fd=100Hz, w0=2*pi*fd/1.2 , zeta=0.175)')
xlabel('f/fd')
ylabel('AutoCorrelation')
xlim([-5 5])
grid on
[pks,locs] = findpeaks(AutocorrPlot); % find peak values and their locations
hold on
scatter(fr(locs)./fd,AutocorrPlot(locs),'filled','blue')
stem(fr(locs)./fd,AutocorrPlot(locs),':r','linewidth',2)
%% plot autcorrelation at positive side
L2=ceil(length(AutocorrPlot)/2);
AutocorrPlot_P=AutocorrPlot(L2:end); % Positive side of autocorr.
fr_P=fr(L2:end); % Positive frequencies
figure
plot(fr_P/fd,AutocorrPlot_P)
title('Third Order Filter (fd=100Hz, w0=2*pi*fd/1.2 , zeta=0.175)')
xlabel('f/fd (positive frequencies)')
ylabel('AutoCorrelation at Positive frequencies')
xlim([0 5])
grid on
%% using autocorrelatio function
figure
autocorr(hv_double,length(hv_double)-1);
% PSD
a=abs((hv_double).^2);
figure
plot(fr/fd,a)
xlim([-2 2])
title('Third Order Filter (fd=100Hz, w0=2*pi*fd/1.2 , zeta=0.175)')
xlabel('fr/fd')
grid on
ylabel('PSD')
[pks,locs] = findpeaks(a);
% max_pks_L=locs(find(max(pks)));
hold on
scatter(fr(locs)/fd,a(locs),'filled','r')
stem(fr(locs)/fd,a(locs),'filled','.-.r','linewidth',1.5)
plot([-2 2],[max(a) max(a)],'.-.green','linewidth',1.5)
%% Impulse response of Digital Filter (channel)
[numZ denZ ts]=tfdata(tf_z,'v');
figure
[h,n] = impz(numZ,denZ);
%% find n0 : at this point h(n) become negligible
[pks,locs] = findpeaks(h);
nv=0.01; % negligible value as a percentage of maximum value
b=find(pks>=(nv*max(pks)));
peak_no=min(pks(b));
n0=max(locs(b));
%% plot impulse response
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(n.*ts,h)
xlabel('time [sec]')
title('Impulse response of channel "3rd order filter" using plot')
grid
hold on
scatter(n0.*ts,peak_no,'filled','r')
subplot(2,1,2)
stem(n,h)
xlabel('n [samples]')
title('Impulse response of channel "3rd order filter using stem"')
grid
hold on
scatter(n0,peak_no,'filled','r')
%% normalizing the filter H(Z)
numZ_N=numZ./sqrt(sum(h.^2)); % normalize numerator of H(z)
tf_Z_N=tf(numZ_N,denZ,ts);
%% Generating an input signal with unit power => (power_db = 0)
% Ip is vector (n0 ,1) , simulation time:T=0.1 sec
IP_no=(1/(sqrt(2))).*(randn(1,n0)+(1j*randn(1,n0)));
IP_T=(1/(sqrt(2))).*(randn(1,length(t))+(1j*randn(1,length(t))));
IP=[IP_no IP_T]; % first n0 bits for transient response
% Output from filter
Y=filter(numZ_N,denZ,IP); % output from filter
Y_T=Y(n0+1:end); % output after removing transients
% Output in DB
Y_T_db=20.*log10(abs(Y_T)); % output when length of input=T in dB
% root mean square value of input signals
rms_Y_T=rms(abs(Y_T)); % rms of output length = T
rms_Y_T_db=20.*log10(abs(rms_Y_T)); % rms of output length = T in dB
ten_dB_below=rms_Y_T_db-10;
%% plotting output from filters
figure
plot(t,Y_T_db)
hold on
plot([t(1) t(end)],[rms_Y_T_db rms_Y_T_db],'.-.black','linewidth',1)
plot([t(1) t(end)],[ten_dB_below ten_dB_below],'.-.r','linewidth',1.5)
grid
legend('AMPLITUDE','RMS LEVEL','10 dB below RMS LEVEL')
xlabel('Time[sec]');
ylabel('Magnitude [dB]');
%% exact crossing and exact average fade duration in this run
[CN_PD_s CPV AFD_s FT]= Cross_N_PD(Y_T_db,ten_dB_below,ts);
disp('Simulation Result: Number of Crossing per 0.1 sec "PD: Positive Direction"')
CN_PD_s % simulation crossing number during 0.1 sec
disp({'Fraction of time when signal goes below specific level';'total duration of fade per second'})
FT
disp('Simulation Result: Average Fade Duration')
AFD_s=(round(AFD_s.*1e5))/(1e5);
title({'single realization of the Amplitude';strcat(' inthis run AFD=',num2str(AFD_s),' LCN/0.1sec=',num2str(CN_PD_s))})
%% plot filled circles at crossing points in the positive direction
hold on
loc=find(CPV);
scatter(t(loc),ten_dB_below.*ones(1,length(loc)),'filled','blue')
%% Expectation of Level Crossing Rate in Ts time and Average Fade Duration
RowdB=ten_dB_below-rms_Y_T_db;
Row=10.^(RowdB/20);
disp('Theoretical LCR "Level Crossing Rate" ')
LCR=(sqrt(2*pi).*fd.*Row.*exp(-(Row.^2))) % Expected level Crossing rate per second
disp('Theoretical AFD "Average Fade Duration" ')
AFD=(exp(Row.^2)-1)/((sqrt(2*pi)).*fd.*Row)
%% check rayleigh fading of Amplitude
figure
ksdensity(abs(Y_T))
title({'Distribution of Amplitude'; 'should be approximately like Rayleigh fading distribution'})
grid
%
figure
[x,tt]=ksdensity((angle(Y_T)));
l2=find(tt>pi);
plot(tt,x)
title('PDF of Angles');
grid on
xlabel('Angel "Radian"');
hold on
plot([tt(1) tt(end)],[1/(2*pi) 1/(2*pi)],'.-.r','linewidth',2)
legend('Distribution','1/(2*pi) level')
xlim([tt(1) tt(end)])
⛄ 运行结果
⛄ 参考文献
[1] 赵杰.多个拉盖尔--高斯光束叠加的光场分布特性[D].西安理工大学,2019.
[2] 王咏梅.金属超表面中拉盖尔—高斯光束的线性和非线性光学调控[D].南京大学,2018.
[3] 卿与三,吕百达,等.拉盖尔-高斯光束通过有硬边光阑光学系统的传输[J].激光技术, 26(3):3[2023-06-16].DOI:CNKI:SUN:JGJS.0.2002-03-004.
[4] 王帅会,陈家奇,顾国超.拉盖尔-高斯光束在non-Kolmogorov湍流中传输的数值模拟[J].光电工程, 2016, 43(4):5.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1003-501X.2016.04.004.
[5] 蒋倩雯.拉盖尔—高斯光束的气动光学效应[D].南京理工大学,2019.
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