英语学习详细笔记（十六）关系代名词

关系代名词

1，关系代名词的作用：连接词+代名词

I have a friend. The friend lives in Paris.

I have a friend and he lived in Paris.

I have a friend(先行词) who lived in Paris(形容词子句).

*语顺为先行词+关系代名词，但也有下列句子

There was an old man in the apartment who was very rich.

I met two girls, one of whom is my cousin. -> I met two girls and on of them is my cousin.

2，关系代名词的种类

格                               主格+V          所有格+V          受格+S+V+(介)

先行词                           --                     --                       --

人                                 who                 whose              who(m)

事、物、动物               which              whose               which

人、事、物、动物        that                   x                      that

*人称代名词-> I love him. (V+O)，I play with him.(介+O)

*格的用法

①主格+动词-> the man who talked to me.

②所有格+名词-> the man whose car was stolen.

③受格+主词+动词-> the man who(m) i met.

主格的关系代名词

1，主格who：先行词(人) + 主格关代who + 动词

The man is my father. The man wears sunglasses.

The man who wears sunglasses is my father.

*先行词+关代

I don't like people. They get out of temper easily.

I don't like people who get out of temper easily.

2，主格which：先行词(事、物、动词) + 主格关代which + 动词

I live in the house. The house stands on the hill.

I live in the house which stands on the hill.

English is a language. It is spoken all over the world.

English is a language which is spoken all over the world.

3，主格关代that：先行词(人、事物、动物) + 主格关代that + 动词

People who/that help doctors and look after patients are called nurses.

I like the building which/that was designed by Mr.Wu.

*主格关代其后所接动词，须与先行词一致

Tom is one of these boys who are fond of sports.

I know a child who is good at surfing.

Adults don't like children who tell lies.

4，that的不同用法

①指示代名词，那

The weather in XX is hotter than that in XX.

②指示形容词

Look at that dog.

③关系代名词

The boy that(连/S) is playing the guitar is Jimmy. play + the + 乐器，play运动

④连接词

I think that honesty is the best policy. 诚实为上策

所有格的关系代名词

1，所有格whose：先行词(人、事物、动物) + 所有格关代whose + 名词

I know a girl. Her father is a journalist.

I know a girl whose father is a journalist.

Look at the house. It's roof was damaged.

Look at the house whose roof was damaged.

受格的关系代名词

1，受格whom：先行词(人) + 受格关代whom + S + V + (介)

The man is a teacher. She married him.

The man whom she married is a teacher.

The woman has just left the office. You want to see her.

The woman who(m) you want to see has just left the office.

2，受格which：先行词(事物、动物) + 受格关代which + S + V + (介)

Here is a magazine. I borrowed it from Miss.Wang.

Here is a magazine which i borrowed from Miss.Wang.

Remember the advice. I gave you the advice.

Remember the advice which i gave you.

*a piece of advice, two pieces of advice.

3，受格that：先行词(人、事物、动物) + 受格that + S+ V + (介)

The little girl is very cute. My dad is talking to her.

The little girl who(m)/that my dad is talking is very cute.

The sandwiches which/that we ate for lunch were not delicious.

特别注意的关代名词

1，受格的关系代名词可省略

Soccer is the sport (whick/that) i like (the) best.

2，[介系词(介词提前) + 受格关系代名词(句型为O+S+V+(介词))] + [whom/that +S+V+介(可提前)]，

The woman [who(m)/that you are speaking of] is our principal.

The woman of whom you are speaking is our principal.

The train [which/that i am waiting for] is now half an hour late.

The train for which i am waiting is now half an hour late.

*介系词放关系代名词前，关代不可用that，也不可省略

3，关系代名词只用that

①先行词前有最高级

Today is the coldest day that we have ever experienced.

②先行词前有序数，第一、第二...

Kenny was the first boy that rushed out of the classroom.

③先行词为人、事物或动物同时出现

Take a look at the boy and his dog that are coming this.

④先行词前有疑问词who(谁)、which(哪一个)避免重复

Who [ that has seen the photos of starving children ] does no want to help them?

Which was the bag that you left in the train?

⑤先行词有all, no, every, any, ...thing, ...one

All [ that students have to do ] is to study hard.

What students have to do is to study hard.

She has everything that a woman could wish for.

*关代what = 先行词 + 关代

⑥先行词前有the only, tha same, the very正是

He was the only one that trusted me.

This is the very novel that i've looked for.

*口诀：1，最高级、序数、人+物、避免重复；2，all, no, every, any, the...

4，限定用法及非限定用法

①限定用法：对先行词的内容加以限定

They had two daughters [ who became actresses]. 还有未提的女儿

②非限定用法：对先行词不加限定，仅使句子连贯

They had two daughters, who became actresses.

③限定无逗号，可用that代替，受格关代可省略。

The old man has a son who/that lives in XX. 

④非限定有逗号，不可用that代替，关代不可省略。

The old man has a son, who lives in XX.

I, who am your best friend, certainly will help you.

My brother, who is a dentist, is studying in the US.

5，关系代名词的同义表现

①先行词(名词) + 主格关代 + V：名词 + 现在分词(主动)

There is a notice that says, "No parking".

There is a notice saying, "No parking".

*分词，Ving动作的进行，主动；P.P动作的完成，被动

②名词 + 主格关代 + beV + 过去分词：名词 + 过去分词(被动)

This is a cake which was made by Mrs.White.

This is a cake made by Mrs.White.

③名词 + who + have/has/had(v.有)：名词 + with/having

She is a girl who has blond hair.

She is a girl having/with blond hair.

修饰名词的字、片语、子句(s+v)

1，置于名词前的形容词、分词

①(一个字)形容词+名词，a red flower

②(一个字)现在分词+名词，a blooming flower

③(一个字)过去分词+名词，a fallen flower

2，置于名词后的形容词、形容词片语、形容词子句

①...thing / ...body / ...one +形容词，something interesting

②名词+形容词片语->由介系词、分词、不定词引导

The pen on the desk is mine.

Will you give me a pen which i can write with.

Will you give me a pen to write.

He drew a cat sleeping on the desk.

This is the window broken by Tom.

Do you think the lady [ who wears a dress ] is pretty.

Do you think the lady in wearing is pretty?