Python的创建型设计模式（一） 抽象工厂模式

（本文为学习Python编程实战所作的笔记）

1 抽象工厂模式

抽象工厂模式，用来创建复杂的对象，这种对象由许多小对象组成，而这些小对象都属于某个特定的系列。
比如说，在GUI系统中可以设计 “抽象控件工厂”，并设计具体子类工厂，它们提供创建同一对象的方法，而具体创建出来的对象风格与操作系统相符。

1.1 经典的抽象工厂模式

1.1.1 UML

1.1.2 Python实现
为了演示抽象工厂模式，用以生成简单是示意图，这段程序会用到"两个工厂"：
一个生成纯文本格式示意图；
另一个用来生成SVG格式的示意图；
（1）定义纯生成SVG格式的工厂：

class SvgDiagramFactory(DiagramFactory):
    def make_diagram(self, width, height):
        return SvgDiagram(width, height)
        
    def make_rectangle(self, x, y, width, height, fill="white",
            stroke="black"):
        return SvgRectangle(x, y, width, height, fill, stroke)

    def make_text(self, x, y, text, fontsize=12):
        return SvgText(x, y, text, fontsize)

从其实现的对象所定义类中，可以看出，该"工厂"，所生产的产品包括“make_diagram”，“make_rectangle”，“make_text”。
因此还需要定义相关对象的实现方法;
（2）定义"产品"实现方法：

Diagram：

class Diagram:

    def __init__(self, width, height):
        self.width = width
        self.height = height
        self.diagram = _create_rectangle(self.width, self.height, BLANK)


    def add(self, component):
        for y, row in enumerate(component.rows):
            for x, char in enumerate(row):
                self.diagram[y + component.y][x + component.x] = char


    def save(self, filenameOrFile):
        file = None if isinstance(filenameOrFile, str) else filenameOrFile
        try:
            if file is None:
                file = open(filenameOrFile, "w", encoding="utf-8")
            for row in self.diagram:
                print("".join(row), file=file)
        finally:
            if isinstance(filenameOrFile, str) and file is not None:
                file.close()

SvgRectangle和SvgText：

class SvgRectangle:
    def __init__(self, x, y, width, height, fill, stroke):
        x *= SVG_SCALE
        y *= SVG_SCALE
        width *= SVG_SCALE
        height *= SVG_SCALE
        self.svg = SVG_RECTANGLE.format(**locals())
        
class SvgText:

    def __init__(self, x, y, text, fontsize):
        x *= SVG_SCALE
        y *= SVG_SCALE
        fontsize *= SVG_SCALE // 10
        self.svg = SVG_TEXT.format(**locals())

（2）定义生成纯文本格式示意图的工厂：

class DiagramFactory:

    def make_diagram(self, width, height):
        return Diagram(width, height)
        
    def make_rectangle(self, x, y, width, height, fill="white",
            stroke="black"):
        return Rectangle(x, y, width, height, fill, stroke)
        
    def make_text(self, x, y, text, fontsize=12):
        return Text(x, y, text, fontsize)

Rectangle：

def _create_rectangle(width, height, fill):
    rows = [[fill for _ in range(width)] for _ in range(height)]
    for x in range(1, width - 1):
        rows[0][x] = HORIZONTAL
        rows[height - 1][x] = HORIZONTAL
    for y in range(1, height - 1):
        rows[y][0] = VERTICAL
        rows[y][width - 1] = VERTICAL
    for y, x in ((0, 0), (0, width - 1), (height - 1, 0),
            (height - 1, width -1)):
        rows[y][x] = CORNER
    return rows
class Rectangle:
    def __init__(self, x, y, width, height, fill, stroke):
        self.x = x
        self.y = y
        self.rows = _create_rectangle(width, height,
                BLANK if fill == "white" else "%")

Text：

class Text:
    def __init__(self, x, y, text, fontsize):
        self.x = x
        self.y = y
        self.rows = [list(text)]

编写主函数，对调用"工厂"生成相应的产品：

def main():
    if len(sys.argv) > 1 and sys.argv[1] == "-P": # For regression testing
        create_diagram(DiagramFactory()).save(sys.stdout)
        create_diagram(SvgDiagramFactory()).save(sys.stdout)
        return
    textFilename = os.path.join(tempfile.gettempdir(), "diagram.txt")
    svgFilename = os.path.join(tempfile.gettempdir(), "diagram.svg")

    txtDiagram = create_diagram(DiagramFactory())
    txtDiagram.save(textFilename)
    print("wrote", textFilename)

    svgDiagram = create_diagram(SvgDiagramFactory())
    svgDiagram.save(svgFilename)
    print("wrote", svgFilename)

1.2 Python风格的抽象工厂模式

1.2.1 UML类图
同上
1.2.2 Python实现
较之于1.2.1所描述的代码加入了一些Python的特性，主要区别是将产品的实现方法，封装在各自工厂类中，同时利用 @classmethod方法来实现，调用各自类中的参数：
（1）定义TXT格式工厂类：

class DiagramFactory:

    @classmethod
    def make_diagram(Class, width, height):
        return Class.Diagram(width, height)


    @classmethod
    def make_rectangle(Class, x, y, width, height, fill="white",
            stroke="black"):
        return Class.Rectangle(x, y, width, height, fill, stroke)

    @classmethod
    def make_text(Class, x, y, text, fontsize=12):
        return Class.Text(x, y, text, fontsize)


    BLANK = " "
    CORNER = "+"
    HORIZONTAL = "-"
    VERTICAL = "|"


    class Diagram:

        def __init__(self, width, height):
            self.width = width
            self.height = height
            self.diagram = DiagramFactory._create_rectangle(self.width,
                    self.height, DiagramFactory.BLANK)
        def add(self, component):
            for y, row in enumerate(component.rows):
                for x, char in enumerate(row):
                    self.diagram[y + component.y][x + component.x] = char
        def save(self, filenameOrFile):
            file = (None if isinstance(filenameOrFile, str) else
                    filenameOrFile)
            try:
                if file is None:
                    file = open(filenameOrFile, "w", encoding="utf-8")
                for row in self.diagram:
                    print("".join(row), file=file)
            finally:
                if isinstance(filenameOrFile, str) and file is not None:
                    file.close()
    class Rectangle:

        def __init__(self, x, y, width, height, fill, stroke):
            self.x = x
            self.y = y
            self.rows = DiagramFactory._create_rectangle(width, height,
                    DiagramFactory.BLANK if fill == "white" else "%")
    class Text:
        def __init__(self, x, y, text, fontsize):
            self.x = x
            self.y = y
            self.rows = [list(text)]

    def _create_rectangle(width, height, fill):
        rows = [[fill for _ in range(width)] for _ in range(height)]
        for x in range(1, width - 1):
            rows[0][x] = DiagramFactory.HORIZONTAL
            rows[height - 1][x] = DiagramFactory.HORIZONTAL
        for y in range(1, height - 1):
            rows[y][0] = DiagramFactory.VERTICAL
            rows[y][width - 1] = DiagramFactory.VERTICAL
        for y, x in ((0, 0), (0, width - 1), (height - 1, 0),
                (height - 1, width -1)):
            rows[y][x] = DiagramFactory.CORNER
        return rows

（2）定义SVG格式工厂类：

class SvgDiagramFactory(DiagramFactory):

    # The make_* class methods are inherited
    SVG_START = """<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 20010904//EN"
    "http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-SVG-20010904/DTD/svg10.dtd">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
    xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xml:space="preserve"
    width="{pxwidth}px" height="{pxheight}px">"""

    SVG_END = "</svg>\n"
    SVG_RECTANGLE = """<rect x="{x}" y="{y}" width="{width}" \
height="{height}" fill="{fill}" stroke="{stroke}"/>"""

    SVG_TEXT = """<text x="{x}" y="{y}" text-anchor="left" \
font-family="sans-serif" font-size="{fontsize}">{text}</text>"""

    SVG_SCALE = 20
    class Diagram:
        def __init__(self, width, height):
            pxwidth = width * SvgDiagramFactory.SVG_SCALE
            pxheight = height * SvgDiagramFactory.SVG_SCALE
            self.diagram = [SvgDiagramFactory.SVG_START.format(**locals())]
            outline = SvgDiagramFactory.Rectangle(0, 0, width, height,
                    "lightgreen", "black")
            self.diagram.append(outline.svg)

        def add(self, component):
            self.diagram.append(component.svg)
            
        def save(self, filenameOrFile):
            file = (None if isinstance(filenameOrFile, str) else
                    filenameOrFile)
            try:
                if file is None:
                    file = open(filenameOrFile, "w", encoding="utf-8")
                file.write("\n".join(self.diagram))
                file.write("\n" + SvgDiagramFactory.SVG_END)
            finally:
                if isinstance(filenameOrFile, str) and file is not None:
                    file.close()
    class Rectangle:
        def __init__(self, x, y, width, height, fill, stroke):
            x *= SvgDiagramFactory.SVG_SCALE
            y *= SvgDiagramFactory.SVG_SCALE
            width *= SvgDiagramFactory.SVG_SCALE
            height *= SvgDiagramFactory.SVG_SCALE
            self.svg = SvgDiagramFactory.SVG_RECTANGLE.format(**locals())
    class Text:
        def __init__(self, x, y, text, fontsize):
            x *= SvgDiagramFactory.SVG_SCALE
            y *= SvgDiagramFactory.SVG_SCALE
            fontsize *= SvgDiagramFactory.SVG_SCALE // 10
            self.svg = SvgDiagramFactory.SVG_TEXT.format(**locals())