2 建造者模式
2.1.1 原理
建造者模式与抽象工厂模式类似,都可以创建那种需要其他类组合而成的复杂对象。而建造者与抽象工厂的区别在于,它不仅提供创建复杂对象所需要的方法,而且还保存了复杂对象里各个部分的细节。
优点:
(1).隔离了构建的步骤和具体的实现,为产品的具体实现提供了灵活度。
(2).封装和抽象了每个步骤的实现,实现了依赖倒转原则。
(3).封装了具体的步骤,减少了代码的冗余。
缺点:
要求构建产品的步骤(算法)是不能剧烈变化的,最好是不变的,这样就影响了灵活度。
2.1.2 运用场景
需要构造对象复杂,不同的构造顺序会产生不同的对象,该对象可分为多个部分组成。
2.1.3 UML
原书提供了一个生成"表单"的程序来演示建造者模式,主要包括
(1)定义抽象表单类
(2)定义HTML表单类
(3) 定义Tkinter表单类
2.1.4 Python实现
(1)定义抽象表单类:
class AbstractFormBuilder(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
@abc.abstractmethod
def add_title(self, title):
self.title = title
@abc.abstractmethod
def form(self):
pass
@abc.abstractmethod
def add_label(self, text, row, column, **kwargs):
pass
@abc.abstractmethod
def add_entry(self, variable, row, column, **kwargs):
pass
@abc.abstractmethod
def add_button(self, text, row, column, **kwargs):
pass
(2)定义HTML表单类
class HtmlFormBuilder(AbstractFormBuilder):
def __init__(self):
self.title = "HtmlFormBuilder"
self.items = {}
def add_title(self, title):
super().add_title(escape(title))
def add_label(self, text, row, column, **kwargs):
self.items[(row, column)] = ('<td><label for="{}">{}:</label></td>'
.format(kwargs["target"], escape(text)))
def add_entry(self, variable, row, column, **kwargs):
html = """<td><input name="{}" type="{}" /></td>""".format(
variable, kwargs.get("kind", "text"))
self.items[(row, column)] = html
def add_button(self, text, row, column, **kwargs):
html = """<td><input type="submit" value="{}" /></td>""".format(
escape(text))
self.items[(row, column)] = html
def form(self):
html = ["<!doctype html>\n<html><head><title>{}</title></head>"
"<body>".format(self.title), '<form><table border="0">']
thisRow = None
for key, value in sorted(self.items.items()):
row, column = key
if thisRow is None:
html.append(" <tr>")
elif thisRow != row:
html.append(" </tr>\n <tr>")
thisRow = row
html.append(" " + value)
html.append(" </tr>\n</table></form></body></html>")
return "\n".join(html)
(3) 定义Tkinter表单类
class TkFormBuilder(AbstractFormBuilder):
TEMPLATE = """#!/usr/bin/env python3
import tkinter as tk
import tkinter.ttk as ttk
class {name}Form(tk.Toplevel):
def __init__(self, master):
super().__init__(master)
self.withdraw() # hide until ready to show
self.title("{title}")
{statements}
self.bind("<Escape>", lambda *args: self.destroy())
self.deiconify() # show when widgets are created and laid out
if self.winfo_viewable():
self.transient(master)
self.wait_visibility()
self.grab_set()
self.wait_window(self)
if __name__ == "__main__":
application = tk.Tk()
window = {name}Form(application)
application.protocol("WM_DELETE_WINDOW", application.quit)
application.mainloop()
"""
def __init__(self):
self.title = "TkFormBuilder"
self.statements = []
def add_title(self, title):
super().add_title(title)
def add_label(self, text, row, column, **kwargs):
name = self._canonicalize(text)
create = """self.{}Label = ttk.Label(self, text="{}:")""".format(
name, text)
layout = """self.{}Label.grid(row={}, column={}, sticky=tk.W, \
padx="0.75m", pady="0.75m")""".format(name, row, column)
self.statements.extend((create, layout))
def add_entry(self, variable, row, column, **kwargs):
name = self._canonicalize(variable)
extra = "" if kwargs.get("kind") != "password" else ', show="*"'
create = "self.{}Entry = ttk.Entry(self{})".format(name, extra)
layout = """self.{}Entry.grid(row={}, column={}, sticky=(\
tk.W, tk.E), padx="0.75m", pady="0.75m")""".format(name, row, column)
self.statements.extend((create, layout))
def add_button(self, text, row, column, **kwargs):
name = self._canonicalize(text)
create = ("""self.{}Button = ttk.Button(self, text="{}")"""
.format(name, text))
layout = """self.{}Button.grid(row={}, column={}, padx="0.75m", \
pady="0.75m")""".format(name, row, column)
self.statements.extend((create, layout))
def form(self):
return TkFormBuilder.TEMPLATE.format(title=self.title,
name=self._canonicalize(self.title, False),
statements="\n ".join(self.statements))
def _canonicalize(self, text, startLower=True):
text = re.sub(r"\W+", "", text)
if text[0].isdigit():
return "_" + text
return text if not startLower else text[0].lower() + text[1:]
(4)“指挥官”,用于实现建造方法
def create_login_form(builder):
builder.add_title("Login")
builder.add_label("Username", 0, 0, target="username")
builder.add_entry("username", 0, 1)
builder.add_label("Password", 1, 0, target="password")
builder.add_entry("password", 1, 1, kind="password")
builder.add_button("Login", 2, 0)
builder.add_button("Cancel", 2, 1)
return builder.form()