时刻为用户着想
Keep Your Users in Mind
目录
[隐藏]
In addition to the basic principles of interface design, consider the needs of your audience. Are your users more comfortable in a language other than English? Do they have special needs that might affect the way you present data to them? The following sections identify areas that might influence your design.
除了基本的接口设计准则外，您还要考虑您客户的需求。您的用户是否更喜欢使用其他语言环境？他们是否有一些特别的需求可能影响数据的显示？下面的章节将指出可能影响您设计的因素。
全球兼容
Worldwide Compatibility
Mac OS X system software is designed to address the complex problems you encounter when you create an application intended to be compatible with regional, linguistic, and writing systems around the globe. Be aware that your users might be more comfortable with another language or culture even if they live in your home country. It’s much easier to include worldwide compatibility from the beginning of your development process than to try to incorporate support for script systems after your product development is complete. For more information, see Getting Started With Internationalization.
当您打算创建一个在全球范围内区域，语言和书写方式都兼容的程序时，您可能会碰到各种复杂的问题，Macintosh系统软件就是被设计来解决这一问题的。您要知道，即使您的用户和您生活在一个国家，他们也可能更喜欢另外一种语言环境。在您的开发过程开始就考虑这种兼容问题比产品完成了再考虑这种问题要容易得了。更多信息请参考国际化初步。
Before you develop software for worldwide use, consider the issues discussed in the following sections.
在您开发软件之前，仔细考虑下面章节讨论的问题。
文化价值
Cultural Values
Make sure that visible interface elements can be localized (that is, translated into other languages and otherwise adapted for use in other countries). Whenever you design a user interface, consider that various regions of the world may differ in their use of color, graphics, calendars, text, and the representation of time. Specific objects or symbols (such as electrical outlets and the currency symbol) may also have a different appearance, or not be understood, in other countries.
确保可视化的接口元素都能够被本地化（也就是说，能够被翻译成其它的语言从而能在别的国家使用）。在您设计用户接口的任何时候，都要考虑到世界上有其他地区对颜色，图片，日历，文字的使用以及时间的表示并不相同。特定的对象或者符号（例如电子插座以及货币符号）可能有不同的外观，甚至某些国家的用户不能识别这些对象和符号。
Graphics can enhance your application, but an image can also be offensive to certain audiences. Cultures assign varying values and characteristics to living creatures, plants, and inanimate objects. For example, in the United States the owl is a symbol of wisdom and knowledge, whereas in Central America the owl represents witchcraft and black magic. It’s a good idea to avoid the use of seasons, holidays, or calendar events in software that you expect to distribute worldwide. If you include images that represent holidays or seasons—such as Christmas trees, pumpkins, or snow—be sure they can be localized.
图片能够增强您的程序的用户接口，但是也可能让特定的用户反感。文化赋予了动物，植物以及其他事物不同的内涵和意义。例如，在美国，猫头鹰被认为是智慧和知识的象征，然而在中美洲，猫头鹰则意味着妖术和黑魔法。在您的程序中应该避免依赖季节，假日或者日历。如果在您的程序中包含了表达节日或者季节的图片─例如圣诞树，南瓜或者雪─确定这些图片也能被本地化。
Different calendars are used to mark time around the world. The United States and most of Europe observe time according the Gregorian calendar. The traditional Arabic calendar, the Jewish calendar, and the Chinese calendar are lunar rather than solar. In many places, time is marked according to one calendar for business and government purposes, and another for religious events. Mac OS X allows users to select and customize the way such information is displayed in the Formats pane of International preferences. Most APIs take these locale preferences into account when getting or formatting dates, times, and number-based data, such as monetary values or measurements. In most cases, therefore, your application should not have to perform formatting or conversion tasks. See Internationalization Programming Topics for more information on how to handle locale-sensitive data.
在世界上有很多种日历被用来标记时间。美国和大部分欧洲国家使用阳历。传统的阿拉伯历法，犹太历，以及中国农历都是月历。在有些国家，按照商业和政府的需要来使用历法，而有些根据宗教需要使用历法。Mac OS X允许用户在国际化偏好设置中选择和定制这些信息的显示格式。在获取或者格式化日期，时间以及数字相关的数据，如货币和度量时，大部分API都考虑到了本地化配置问题。因此，大部分情况下，您的程序无需考虑转换格式的问题。关于如何处理本地化数据的更多信息，请参考国际化编程。
Also remember to support different address formats. Don’t assume all addresses are in the native format of your country. Address Book lets users store address data for users in multiple countries. If you support or display Address Book data, you must be prepared to handle different address formats and postal code information.
同样的还有不同的地址格式。不要假设所有的地址格式都和您所在国家一样。地址簿允许用户保存多个国家的地址格式。如果您的程序支持或者需要显示地址簿数据，您必须处理不同的地址格式和邮政编码。
语言差异
Language Differences
Translating text is a sophisticated, delicate task. Avoid using colloquial phrases or nonstandard usage and syntax that can be difficult to translate. Carefully choose words for menu commands, dialogs, and help text. Be aware that text in U.S. English can grow up to 50 percent longer when translated to other languages.
Use complete sentences in string resources whenever possible. Grammar problems may arise when you concatenate multiple strings to create sentences; the word order may become completely different in another language, rendering the message nonsensical when translated. For example, word order in German sometimes places the verb at the end of a sentence. For more information on handling text in other languages, see Internationalization Programming Topics.
文字翻译是复杂的，需要技巧的工作。避免使用口头语或晦涩难懂的语法。为菜单项，对话框和帮助文本小心的选择用词。英文被翻译到其他语言时，篇幅可能会增大50%。
尽可能的使用完整的句子。否则，翻译成其他语言时，将字符串连接成句子可能会发生语法问题：词的顺序在其他语言中可能完全不同，从而使得整句消息没有意义。例如，在德语中，动词有时候是在句子的结尾。关于在其他语言中处理文本的更多信息，请参考国际化编程。
文字显示和文字编辑
Text Display and Text Editing
Writing systems differ in the direction in which their characters and lines flow, the size of the character set used, and whether certain characters are context-dependent. Mac OS X supports Unicode, a single character set for most writing systems in the world. Unicode is a cross-platform, international standard for character encoding.
文字编辑在字符顺序，每一行的方向，字符集的大小，以及特定的字符是否是上下文相关的等方面都有很大差异。Mac OS X支持Unicode，Unicode是一个跨平台的，国际标准的字符集合。
Text handling for Cocoa is entirely based on Unicode. For Carbon developers, there is a set of functions for manipulating Unicode text. For more information about Unicode support, see Internationalization Programming Topics.
Cocoa中的文字处理完全是基于Unicode的。对于Carbon开发者来说，也有一系列的函数可以操作Unicode文本。关于Unicode支持的更多信息，请参考国际化编程。
No matter what level of worldwide text support you provide, it’s important to keep in mind that:
无论您对世界上的文字支持到什么程度，您都应该谨记如下几点：
- Text isn’t always left-aligned and read from left to right. This includes text within controls (such as button labels), text that describes controls, and static text fields. Be aware that text translated into a right-to-left language must also be displayed as right-aligned.
- 文本不总是左对齐的，也不总是从左往右读的。
- Text isn’t always read by a person; it might be spoken through a screen reader.
- 文本不总是给人浏览的，它可能是被屏幕阅读器朗读。
- System and application fonts may change, so don’t assume any particular font will be present. Instead, use the calls provided by your application framework.
- 系统和程序的字体可能会改变，所以不要对显示的字体做任何假设。
资源文件
Resources
It’s essential to store region-dependent information in separate resource files so that user-visible text can be translated during localization without requiring your application’s code to be modified.
When creating window layouts, consider text size, location, and direction. Text size varies in different languages. Also, depending on the script system, the direction of the text may change. Most Middle Eastern languages read from right to left. Text location and alignment within a window should be easy to change.
As much as possible, identify the logical flow of content and use that to determine the layout of your user interface. For example, the more important or higher level objects are usually placed near the upper left of a window that is designed for regions associated with left-to-right languages. In a version of the window that targets users who read right-to-left languages, it makes sense to reverse this layout. The more you can characterize user interface objects according to their logical, not visual, position, the more easily you can extend your application to other markets.
For more information on internationalization and localization, read Internationalization Programming Topics and visit the Apple International Technologies website at http://developer.apple.com/intl.
将本地化相关的信息保存在独立的资源文件中，从而翻译用户可见的文本时无需修改程序的代码。当创建窗口布局时，您需要意识到在不同语言中文字的大小，位置，以及方向，文字的大小各不相同。同样，文字的方向也可能改变。大部分中东的语言都是从右往左读。窗口中文字的位置也应该很容易被改变。更多信息，请参考国际化编程以及Apple国际化技术站点http://developer.apple.com/intl。
普遍可用性
Universal Accessibility
Millions of people have a disability or special need and computers hold tremendous promise for increasing the productivity of such users. Many countries, including the United States, have laws mandating that certain equipment provide access for users with a disability.
很多人可能在某些方面有障碍或者有特别的需求，计算机为这些人群提高生产力带来了极大的希望。很多国家，包括美国，都强制规定了特定设备对有障碍人士的可用性。
It’s a good idea to build in support for universal access from the beginning of your design process rather than add it at the end of your implementation cycle. When you think about designing for the wide range of abilities in your target audience, think about increasing productivity for the entire audience; be careful not to overcompensate for the disabilities of certain members. Don’t let accommodations for a particular disability create a burden for people who do not have that disability.
在您设计的开始就考虑支持普遍可用性远比在实现阶段的结束才考虑要好。在您开始设计时，您应该为整个用户群考虑，注意不要为了使用部分障碍用户而给其他用户造成了负担。
Mac OS X has many built-in features designed to accommodate people with special needs. Users can access these features in the Universal Access pane of System Preferences. Once activated, these technologies programmatically manipulate the user interface of your application in ways that can help users with disabilities.
Mac OS X具有很多内建功能来适应用户的特殊需求。用户可以用过系统偏好设置程序中的万能辅助面板来使用这些功能。一旦被激活，这些技术就可以帮助有障碍的用户来操作您的用户接口。
Important: Your application should not override any of the accessibility features built in to Mac OS X, such as the ability to perform all user interface functions using the keyboard instead of the mouse, or any preference that a user might select to assist with a disability.
重要： 您的程序不应该覆盖任何Mac OS X内建的辅助功能，例如用键盘而不是鼠标来操作所有用户接口控件的功能，也不应该覆盖用户设置的有关辅助性的配置。
Be sure to test your applications with the assistive features available in the Universal Access pane of System Preferences. Although there may be situations in which you do not need to accommodate all these features, you should fully understand your user audience before making any design decisions that override these features. For example, it might be extremely difficult to create a visual design tool that works in grayscale, but you should still try to make the other parts of the program accessible whenever possible.
确保您的程序针对系统偏好设置中万能辅助面板中的功能进行过测试。虽然某些情况下您可能不用满足所有的功能要求，但您应该在做出这些决定前，您应该对您的用户有充分了解。例如，创建一个只有灰度的可视化设计工具可能非常困难，但您仍然应该尽可能让程序的其他部分可用。
To learn more about the Mac OS X accessibility architecture and how to support accessibility in your application (a process called access enabling), see Accessibility Overview. For more information on assistive technologies, see Mac OS X Technology Overview.
需要了解Mac OS X辅助功能架构以及怎样在您的程序中支持辅助功能的更多信息，请参考辅助功能概述。关于辅助技术的更多信息，请参考Mac OS X技术概述。
When you design your application, you should be aware of potential manipulation by assistive technologies and implement features in a way that does not degrade the experience for users with disabilities. The following sections describe the main categories of disabilities and give suggestions for specific design solutions and adaptations you can make. Keep in mind that there is a wide range of disabilities within each category and there are many people with multiple disabilities.
当您设计程序时，您应该意识到使用辅助技术来操作系统的可能，并且努力不要限制有障碍用户的用户体验。下面的章节将介绍主要的障碍分类，并给出设计调整的相应建议。注意在每个类别中，有障碍是个很大的范围，而且有很多用户不止一种障碍。
视觉障碍
Visual Disabilities
People with a visual disability have the most trouble with the display (the screen). Some users need high contrast. Software that can handle different text sizes makes it easier to support people with a visual disability. Mac OS X (version 10.2 and later) provides an onscreen zooming option in Universal Access preferences. Following the layout guidelines provided in “Layout Guidelines” helps users with low vision by ensuring the proper use of spacing and alignment.
有视觉障碍的用户阅读显示器（屏幕）显示的内容很困难。有的用户需要更高的对比度。软件可以使用不同的文字大小从而帮助具有视觉障碍的用户。Mac OS X（10.2及以后版本）在万能辅助设置中提供屏幕缩放的功能。您应该遵守 “布局”中的建议，从而确保您的间距和对齐对低视力的用户有帮助。
In Mac OS X version 10.4, Apple introduced VoiceOver, a full-featured spoken interface for the Macintosh. VoiceOver allows users to navigate the user interface of the system and any accessible application and provides an audible description of the user’s workspace and all the activities occurring on the computer. You should test your application using VoiceOver to make sure it’s fully accessible. For more information on accessibility in Mac OS X, see Accessibility Overview.
在Mac OS X 10.4中，Apple提供了VoiceOver技术。VoiceOver是Macintosh上语音朗读的接口，当用户访问系统中或者支持这一技术的程序的用户接口时，对用户正在操作的控件和计算机当前发生的事件提供相应的语音描述。您应该使用VoiceOver测试您的程序来确保程序的可访问性。关于Mac OS X中辅助功能的更多信息，请参考辅助功能概述。
Keep in mind that some people have color-vision deficiencies. Although the judicious use of color can enhance your application’s user interface, don’t create interfaces that rely solely on color coding to convey important information. Color coding should always be redundant to other types of cues, such as text, position, or highlighting. Allowing users to select from a variety of colors to convey information enables them to choose colors appropriate for their needs.
有些用户不能分辨某些颜色。尽管灵活地使用颜色能够增强程序的用户接口，但是不要仅仅依赖于颜色来传达重要信息。颜色中包含的信息应该可以用其他的来替代，如文字，位置或者高亮等。允许用户选择适合他们需求的颜色来传达信息。
听力障碍
Hearing Disabilities
People with a hearing disability cannot hear auditory output at normal volume levels or cannot hear it at all. Software should never rely solely on sound to provide information; if cues are given with sound, they should be available visually as well. Since Mac OS X allows users to specify a visual cue in addition to the standard audible cue for the system alert, be sure to use the standard system alert when you need to get the user’s attention.
有听力障碍的用户听不到正常音量的音频输出，甚至一点都听不见。程序不应仅仅依赖于声音来提供信息，同时也应该提供可视化版本。Mac OS X允许用户针对标准的语音提示提供可视化的版本，所以如果您希望引起用户注意的话，请尽量使用标准的系统告警。
To indicate activity, hardware should have visible lights in addition to the sound generated by the mechanisms. Hardware that specifically produces sound should facilitate external amplification. For example, including a jack for external speakers or headphones allows people to amplify sound to an appropriate level.
硬件除了使用机械产生的音频来提示当前的活动外，还应该有可见光。专为产生音频信号而设计的硬件应该提供控制声音强度的设置。例如，外置的喇叭或者耳机应允许用户选择合适的声音强度。
身体障碍
Physical Disabilities
People who have a physical disability sometimes require additional access methods. For example, individuals may be without the use of a hand or an arm because of congenital anomalies, spinal cord injuries, repetitive stress injuries such as carpal tunnel syndrome, or progressive diseases. People in this group often have difficulty with computer input devices—such as the mouse or keyboard—and with removable storage media.
具有身体障碍的用户可能需要其他事物的帮助才能正常使用计算机。例如，有些用户可能由于先天的障碍，脊椎受伤，重复性压力伤害如腕管综合症，渐进性疾病而导致一只手或者胳膊无法工作。这些用户通常很难使用计算机的输入设备─例如鼠标和键盘─以及可移动的存储设备。
Some people have difficulty pressing more than one key at a time (required for many keyboard shortcuts, for example). With Sticky Keys, which can be turned on in the Keyboard pane of Universal Access preferences, users can press keys sequentially instead of simultaneously.
有些用户很难同时按多个键（大部分的快捷键都需要）。通过万能辅助中的键盘设置中的粘滞键选项，用户可以顺序的按下快捷键。
Users who have difficulty with fine motor movements may be unable to use a conventional mouse or may require modifications to keyboard behavior. In Keyboard preferences, users can choose how long they must press a key before it repeats; they may also specify a delay between when a key is pressed and when it is registered. In addition, Mac OS X provides ways for users to perform actions using the keyboard instead of the mouse. When full keyboard access mode is on, users can navigate to and select interface items using the keyboard. Mouse Keys, which can be turned on in the Mouse pane of Universal Access preferences, enables users to control the mouse with the numeric keypad to perform tasks such as dragging and resizing windows.
有些用户可能有移动障碍从而不能使用传统的鼠标或者需要对键盘行为做一些修改。在键盘设置中，用户可以设定按键多长时间会产生连续输入；也可以指定从按键到按键被识别的延迟。此外，Mac OS X提供了使用键盘来代替鼠标的途径。当全键盘访问选项被打开时，用户可以使用键盘来访问用户接口元素。万能辅助中鼠标面板的鼠标键提供了使用数字键盘来控制鼠标的功能，可以进行拖拽，更改窗口大小等操作。
Make sure your application does not override any keyboard navigation settings. For more information, see “Keyboard Shortcuts Quick Reference.” In addition, don’t override the keyboard shortcuts used by assistive technologies. When an assistive technology is enabled, keyboard shortcuts used by that technology take precedence over the ones defined in your program.
确保您的程序不会覆盖任何键盘设置，更多信息请参考 “键盘快捷键快速参考。”此外，不要覆盖辅助功能使用的快捷键。当辅助功能被激活时，该辅助功能使用的快捷键会先于用户程序被处理。
If you design hardware, be sure not to impose physical barriers that would impede someone with limited or no use of the hands or arms. For example, a disk drive with a latch would be difficult to open for a user who interacts with the computer using a pencil held in the mouth.
如果您设计的是硬件，确保不要给手或胳膊不方便的用户增加障碍。例如，使用弹簧锁的磁盘驱动器对于只能用嘴巴含着笔来操作计算机的用户来说很难打开。
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