英语语法
目录
名词分类
- 专业名词、普通名词
- 可数名词、不可数名词
- 具体名词、抽象名词
专业名词、普通名词
专有名词(大多数是不可数名词,在某些情况下可以复数使用,或者转换为普通名词,单数/复数使用):人名、地名、国家、组织、单位、大型活动、著名事件等(首字母大写、如果缩写全部字母大写)
- 人名:Jack
- 单位:Department of Education
- 地名:Beijing
- 大型活动:Midi Festival
- 国家:China
- 著名事件:Discovery of America
- 组织:FBI
普通名词:专业名词以外的名词
专有名词复数使用,专业名词转换普通名词
- There are two Jacks in our class。 我们班有两个杰克
- Millions of Lei Fengs have emerged in China。中国出现了数百万的活雷锋
- Hey,Tom,have a Mrs.Carl is waiting for you。嘿,汤姆,有一位卡尔夫人正在等你
可数名词、不可数名词
可数名词(单数复数都可以,可以加数词计算)
apple、egg、boy、tree、family、class、police、team等等
不可数名词(只能单数,不可以加数词计算)
water、fire、、time、hope、knowledge、intelligence等等
具体名词、抽象名词
具体名词(看得见摸得着,可数不可数都有)
man、Beijing、book、car、water、fire等等
抽象名词(无形的各种事物,大多数是不可数)
time、hope、knowledge、love、anger等等
名词使用注意
- 可数名词能计数
- 可数名词能加不定冠词(a/an)和数词(one、two)
- 可数名词可以加定冠词(the)
- 不可数名词不能计数
- 不可数名词不能加不定冠词(a/an)和数词(one、two)
- 不可数名词可以加定冠词(the)
名词单复数变化
规则变化的名词
- 大部分名词,直接加s:day-days
- 以o,s,x,ch,sh结尾,加es:hero-heroes
- 辅音+y,变y为i加es:city-cities
- 元音+y,加s:boy-boys
- f或者fe结尾,变f为v加es:half-halves
- f或者fe结尾,直接加s:roof-roofs
- ch结尾发/k/,直接加s:stomach-stomachs
- 辅音+oo结尾加s:bamboo-bamboos
- 辅音+o,加es:echo-echoes
- volcano,mango,banjo,grotto,halo,archipelago加es和s都可以:volcano-volcanos/volcanoes
不规则变化的名词
- man-men
- woman-women
- goose-geese
- foot-feet
- tooth-teeth
- child-children
- mouse-mice
- fish-fish
- sheep-sheep
- deer-deer
一直都是复数的名词
- scissors剪刀
- tweezers镊子
- glasses眼镜
- congratulations祝贺
- clothes衣服
- trousers裤子
- amends赔偿
- shenanigans恶作剧
- cahoots同伙
- smithereens碎片
复合名词的变化
- 不可数名词结尾,无复数形式
homework,newspaper,greenhouse - man或woman做前缀,前后都要复数
man actor-men actors - 两个名词,后面变复数
boy friend-boy friends - 可数名词+介词(短语),前面名词复数
sister in law-sisters in law - 动词/过去分词+副词,加s
stand by-stand bys
名词所有格
‘s所有格,中英语序一样
- 单数名词/复数名词非s结尾,后加’s,单数名词s结尾,后加’s
Jack’s(杰克的)
The boss’s car(老板的车) - 复数名词s结尾,后加’
Boys’(男孩的) - 用and连接并列名词时候
表示各自的所有关系,分别加’s,共同所有关系,只在最后一个名词加’s
Tom’s and Jack’s rooms(汤姆的房间和杰克的房间)
Tom and Jack’s room(汤姆和杰克的房间)
‘s所有格,其他常见用法
- 日程时间后
3 days’holiday(3天的假期) - 国家城市后
Beijing’s policy(北京的政策) - 地方机构后
The airport’s service guide(机场的服务指南) - 各种单位后面
100 kilogram’s weight(100千克的重量) - 天体后面
The Jupiter’s aura(木星的光环)
of所有格,中英语序相反
修饰前面的名词,表两个名词之间的所属关系
The content of the book = The book’s content 这本书的内容
‘s+of双重所有格
- of+名词’s所有格
This is a photo of my cat’s
这是我猫的照片 - of+名词性物主代词
He is a friend of mine
他是我的朋友
名词主谓一致
什么是主谓一致
主语的单复数和谓语的单复数要保证一致
- I(单数)am(单数)student
我是学生 - They(复数)are(复数)students
他们是学生
国家、机构、书名等专有名词的复数形式看作整体,谓语用单数
- The United States was founded in 1776
美国建立于1776年 - “Three Kingdoms"is a good story
三国演义是个好故事
many a…或more than one+名词做主语,谓语用单数
- Many a man is smoking
很多男人在抽烟 - More than one man is smoking
不止一个男人在抽烟
one and a half+复数名词做主语,谓语用单数
- One and a half watermelons is in the fridge
冰箱里有一个半西瓜
时间、钱、距离等各种单位看作整体,谓语用单数
- Two dollars is no big deal
两美元没什么大不了 - Four miles is not a long way
四英里的路不远
加减乘除运算中,谓语用单数
- Five times five is twenty-five
5乘5是25 - One plus one is two
1加1是2
each,one,no one,some(any,no,every)+body(one,thing)作主语或作限定词,谓语用单数
- Each student is in the classroom
每个学生都在教室里 - Someone student is in the classroom
某个学生在教室里
one+of+复数名词结构中,谓语用单数
- One of the students in our school is from the United States
我们学校有一名来自美国的学生
含有集体概念的名词,根据上下文判断,整体概念谓语用单数,个体概念谓语用复数
- The family was in a poor way
这个家庭生活贫困(整体概念,这个家庭) - The family goes to the movies together
这家人一起去看电影(个体概念,这个家的人)
含有单复数形式一样的名词作主语,根据上下文判断,谓语用单数还是复数
- A fish was back in the water
一条鱼回到了水中 - Some fish are still alive
有些鱼还活着
a number of+可数名词复数作主语,泛指许多不一定多少,谓语用复数
the number of+可数名词复数作主语,特指数量是多少,谓语用单数
- A number of scientists are single
许多科学家都是单身 - The number of scientists is in the lab is five
实验室里的科学家人数是五人
and或者both…and.连接两个单数名词做主语,代表复数的概念,大多数情况谓语用复数
and连接两个单数词,指同一人同一事物或同一概念,两个名词共用一个冠词,谓语动词用单数
and连接两个单数词,主语前有every,each,no,many a修饰时,谓语用单数
- He and him families are at the funeral
他和他的家人在参加葬礼 - Both China and the United States are big countries
中国和美国都是大国 - The Youtuber and traveler is he friend
这位旅行家兼YouTube视频博主是他的朋友 - Each day and night is busy
每天都从早忙到晚
a/an+单数名词+or two做主语,谓语用单数
one or two+复数名词做主语,谓语用复数
- An apple or two is not enough
一两个苹果是不够的 - One or two apples are not enough
一两个苹果是不够的
some of,plenty of,a lot of,lots of,most of,the rest of,all of,half of,part of,分数/百分百+o+
名词短语,作主语,谓语动词与of后的名词,保持单复数
- Most of the student was gone
大多数学生都走了 - Most of the students were gone
大多数学生都走了
few,many,several,all,some后面加名词做主语谓语用复数
- The few words are difficult
这几句话好难
就近原则(距离谓语近的名词,决定谓语单复数)There be/Here be
- There is one computer and two phones
那有一台电脑和两台手机 - There are two computers and one phone
那有两台电脑和一台手机 - Here is one apple and two bananas
这有一个苹果和两个香蕉 - Here are two apples and one banana
这有两个苹果和一个香蕉
就近原则(距离调语近的名词,决定谓语单复数)or,either…o.…(二选一),neither…nor……(两个都不选,选另外一个),not only…but…(also)(不仅而且,两个都)连接并列作主语
- His friends or he was dead(他的朋友们或者他已经死了)
- He or his friends were dead(他或者他的朋友们已经死了)
- Either my brothers or mother is going to the garden(我弟弟或者妈妈要去花园)
- Either mother or my brothers are going to the garden(妈妈或者我弟弟要去花园)
- Neither two apples nor one banana is vegetable(两个苹果和一个香蕉都不是蔬菜)
- Neither one apple nor two bananas are vegetables(一个苹果和两个香蕉都不是蔬菜)
- Not only my friends but also my girlfriend was wrong(不仅是我朋友我女朋友也错了)
- Not only my girlfriend but also my friends were wrong(不仅是我女朋友我朋友也错了)
就远原则(距离谓语远的名词,决定谓语单复数)四除(but,except,besides,in addition to)五和(with,along with,together with,combined with,as well as)包括(including)而不是(rather than,instead of)
- Peter,but his roommates,is friendly.(皮特人很好,除了他室友)
- Peter,except his roommates,is friendly.(皮特人很好,除了他室友)
- Peter,besides his roommates,is friendly.(皮特人很好,除了他室友)
- Peter,in addition to his roommates,is friendly.(皮特人很好,除了他室友)
- Peter,with his roommates,is friendly.(皮特和他室友人都很好)
- Peter,along with his roommates,is friendly.(皮特和他室友人都很好)
- Peter,together with his roommates,is friendly.(皮特和他室友人都很好)
- Peter,combined with his roommates,is friendly.(皮特和他室友人都很好)
- Peter,as well as his roommates,is friendly.(皮特和他室友人都很好)
- Peter,including his roommates,is friendly.(皮特人很好,包括他室友也很好)
- Peter,rather than his roommates,is friendly.(皮特人很好而不是他室友)
- Peter,instead of his roommates,is friendly.(皮特人很好而不是他室友)