测控专业英语复习资料

短语互译

第一次

原文	翻译
sensor characteristics	传感器特性
electrical supply	供电
signal conditioning unit	信号调节单元
accuracy rating	精度等级
温度计	thermometer
速度计	speedometer
dead-band characteristics	死区特性
static friction	静摩擦
full operating range of the device	设备的全工作范围
ambient temperature	环境温度
aging effect(s)	老化效应
mechanical wear	机械磨损
self-heating	自热效应
bridge-circuit	电桥电路
the smallest detectable change	最小的可检测变化
contact friction	接触摩擦
mechanical strain	机械应变
resistance temperature detector	电阻温度检测器
power dissipation	功率损耗
lead impedance	引线阻抗

第二次

原文	翻译
the rated voltage and current	额定电压和电流
gear drive	齿轮传动
micro-actuator	微执行器
a binary actuator	二元执行器
stable-state output	稳态输出
stepper motor	步进电机
small incremental motion	小增量运动
on-off type control action	开关型控制动作
a low energy level command signal	低能级指令信号
actuator load	执行器负载
thousands of horsepower motor	千马力电机
motor shaft	电机轴
synchronous motor	同步电动机
three-phase induction motor	三相感应电动机
large-horsepower application	大马力应用
two-phase motor	两相电动机
solid-state drive	固态硬盘
unipolar stepper motor	单极步进电机
bottom stator pole	定子底极
a permanent magnet with six poles	六极永磁体
counterclockwise direction	逆时针方向
a soft iron core	柔软的铁心
directional control valve	方向控制阀
hydraulic or pneumatic actuator	液压或气动执行机构
analog to digital converter	模数转换器
transfer function	传递函数
discrete output states	离散输出状态
a sample-and-hold circuit	采样保持电路
high-input impedance	高输入阻抗
the highest frequency component	最高频率分量
propagation delay	传播延迟
least significant bit	最低有效位

第三次

原文	翻译
virtual instrument	虚拟仪器
computational size, cost	计算量，成本
bulk storage	大容量存储
off-line instrument	离线仪表
data processing	数据处理
custom developed	定制开发
with the advent of microelectronics	随着微电子技术的出现
realtime application	实时应用
special/general-purpose computer	专用/通用计算机
a considerable breadth of measurement and control	相当广泛的测量和控制
industrial field	工业领域
high-speed application	高速应用
user-interface operations	用户界面操作
windows-type software	窗口类型软件
complex manipulations along with memory, look-up tables, and intelligent displays and controls	复杂的操作以及内存、查找表、智能显示和控件
large memory capacity	大存储容量
a conditioning circuit	调节电路
local area network	局域网
remote radio communication protocol	远程无线电通信协议
interconnection buses	互连总线
application software	应用程序软件
General-purpose Interface Bus	通用接口总线
Industry Standard Architecture Bus	行业标准架构总线
addressing width of a processor	处理器的寻址宽度
one-byte wide	一字节宽
a full 16-bit data bus	完整的16位数据总线
two-clock-cycle	两个时钟周期
direct memory access	直接内存访问
Plug and play	即插即用
micro-channel architecture	微通道架构
serial communication peripherals	串行通讯外设
novice users	新手用户
high-speed peer to peer communication	高速对等通信

第四次

原文	翻译
yaw damper system	偏航阻尼系统
autopilot	自动驾驶
trail-and-error	试错法
dynamic analysis	动态分析
control system design	控制系统设计
classical control theory	经典控制理论
high-speed digital computers	高速数字计算机
state variables	状态变量
open-loop control systems	开环控制系统
a negative feedback system	负面反馈系统
differential equation	微分方程
difference equation	差分方程
time interval	时间间隔
a sampled-data system	采样数据系统
nonlinear system	非线性系统
time-invariant system	时不变系统
stationary/nonstationary system	平稳/非平稳系统
time-dependent	时间相关的
lumped parameter system	集总参数系统
distributed parameter system	分布参数系统
ordinary/partial differential equation	常/偏微分方程
deterministic/stochastic system	确定性/随机系统
multi-variable system	多变量系统
single-input single-output system	单输入单输出系统
performance criteria and indices	绩效标准和指标
transient response	瞬态响应
steady-state value of the output	输出的稳态值
nonzero initial conditions	非零初始条件
complex variable in the Laplace domain	Laplace域中的复变量
linearity and superposition theorems	线性和叠加定理
shifting theorem	移位定理
piecewise continuous inputs	分段连续输入
analytic function	分析函数
homogeneous/particular solution	均匀/特殊溶液
unilateral Fourier integral	单边傅里叶积分
DC-motor drive	直流电动机驱动
zero internal impedance	零内部阻抗
dc voltage source	直流电压源
Pulse-Width Modulation	脉冲宽度调制
switch duty ratio	开关占空比
a resistive load	电阻负载
uninterruptible AC power supplies	不间断交流电源
two-quadrant converter	二象限转换器
voltage/current source inverters	电压/电流源逆变器
square-wave inverter	方波逆变器
voltage cancellation	电压抵消
switch-mode converter	开关模式转换器
linear vector space	线性向量空间
power transistor	功率晶体管
very large scale integrated circuits	超大规模集成电路

长句翻译

第一次

第一次
The major reason for the availability of such equipment has been the development of computers and microprocessors which are used as sophisticated, flexible and yet low cost controllers.
这种设备的可用性的主要原因是计算机和微处理器的发展，它们被用作精密、灵活且低成本的控制器。
However, the operation of such systems would be very poor, if possible at all, if the computer’s decision making programs were not being supplied with suitable, up to date, quality information about the state of the external system.
但是，如果没有为计算机的决策程序提供有关外部系统状态的适当的最新质量信息，那么，如果可能的话，此类系统的操作将非常糟糕。
Electrical noise (i.e. unwanted signals) may be generated by variation in contact resistance, by mechanical wear due to contact fiction, and by contact vibration transmitted from the sensing element.
电噪声（即不需要的信号）可能由接触电阻的变化、接触摩擦引起的机械磨损和传感元件传输的接触振动产生。
When a specification refers to a dead-zone or dead-band, it is referring to the largest change in the quantity to be measured to which the output does not change, or the change of input to which there is no output.
当一个规范是指一个死区或死区时，它指的是待测量中输出不变的最大变化，或是没有输出的输入变化。
This means that if we take a temperature measurement with the thermometer and find it to be ±20.1°C, then the actual temperature lies somewhere between 15.9°C and 20.3°C.
这意味着，如果我们用温度计测量温度，发现温度为±20.1°C，那么实际温度介于15.9°C和20.3°C之间。

第二次

第二次
Actuators are basically the muscle behind a mechatronics system that accepts a control command (mostly in the form of an electrical signal) and produces a change in the physical system by generating force, motion, heat, flow, etc.
执行器基本上是机电一体化系统背后的肌肉，该机电一体化系统接受控制命令（主要是电信号的形式），并通过产生力，运动，热量，流量等在物理系统中产生变化。
The stepper motor is a discrete (incremental) positioning device that moves one step at a time for each pulse command input. Since they accept direct digital commands and produce a mechanical motion, the stepper motors are used widely in industrial control applications.
步进电机是一种离散（增量）定位装置，每次为每个脉冲指令输入移动一步。由于步进电机接受直接的数字指令并产生机械运动，因此在工业控制应用中得到了广泛的应用。
Normally, due to the spring force, the soft iron core is pushed to the extreme left position; when the solenoid is excited, the soft iron core will move to the right extreme position thus providing the electromagnetic actuation.
正常情况下，由于弹簧力的作用，软铁心被推到最左边的位置；当电磁阀被激发时，软铁心会移动到最右边的位置，从而提供电磁驱动。
A/D conversion is essentially a quantizing process, whereby an analog signal is represented by discrete states.
A / D转换本质上是量化过程，通过这个过程将模拟信号用离散状态表示。
An A/D converter requires a certain amount of time, called conversion time, to change an analog signal into the corresponding digital signal. If the analog signal changes during the conversion time, the converter output may be in error. To prevent this, a sample-and-hold circuit is used to sense the analog signal at the start of conversion, and store it on a capacitor during the remaining conversion time.
A/D转换器需要一定的时间（称为转换时间）将模拟信号转换成相应的数字信号。如果在转换期间模拟信号发生变化，则转换器输出可能出错。为了防止这种情况，在转换开始时使用采样保持电路来检测模拟信号，并在剩余的转换时间内将其存储在电容器上。

第三次

第三次
As a result, rudimental control systems were developed. Relays were attached to the instruments so that processes could respond to parametric changes. Soon, the single relay grew into more than one, allowing for multipoint control. Then, rate detectors were added and finally integrators, creating the PID control system.
因此，开发了基本的控制系统。继电器连接到仪器上，以便过程能够对参数变化作出响应。很快，单继电器发展成多个，允许多点控制。然后加入速率检测器，最后加入积分器，构成PID控制系统。
It became normal for a measuring instrument to accept a signal; condition the input by linearizing, shaping, band limiting, etc.; and then digitize the result. The digital output was manipulated in a special, onboard processor in order to provide control or analytical decisions.
测量仪器接收信号变得正常；通过线性化、整形、频带限制等调节输入；然后将结果数字化。数字输出在一个特殊的机载处理器中进行操作，以提供控制或分析决策。
At the same time, the sphere of measurement and control systems expanded from merely measuring electrical and electronics parameters to encompassing all ancillary technologies including the mechanical, chemical, civil, and medical fields.
同时，测量和控制系统的范围从仅仅测量电气和电子参数扩展到包括机械、化学、民用和医疗领域在内的所有辅助技术。
The speed and capability of general-purpose computers advanced exponentially. It soon became possible to adapt standard, high-speed computers to the online applications required in real time measurement and control.
通用计算机的速度和功能呈指数级增长。 很快就可以使标准的高速计算机适应实时测量和控制所需的在线应用程序。
With the addition of computers and computational capability, the cost of the instruments increased, How do we improve performance without adding cost?
随着计算机和计算能力的增加，仪器的成本增加，如何在不增加成本的情况下提高性能？
Consider what a virtual instrument and control system might contain. For a measurement instrument, there must be a sensor. If the parameter being measured is not electrical, this must incorporate a transducer to change the information to an electrical signal.
考虑一下虚拟仪器和控制系统可能包含的内容。 对于测量仪器，必须有一个传感器。 如果要测量的参数不是电气参数，则必须包含一个传感器才能将信息更改为电气信号。

第四次

第四次
Control systems designed by humans are used to extend their physical capabilities, to compensate for their physical limitations, to relieve them of routine or tedious tasks, or to save money.
由人类设计的控制系统被用来扩展他们的物理能力，补偿他们的物理限制，减轻他们的日常或乏味的任务，或是节省资金。
Freed of this routine task, the pilot can perform other tasks, such as navigation and/or communications, thus reducing the number of crew required and consequently the operating cost of the aircraft.
摆脱了这一例行任务，飞行员可以执行其他任务，如导航和/或通信，从而减少所需的机组人员数量，从而降低飞机的运行成本。
The definition of the transfer function requires the system to be linear and stationary, with continuous variables and with zero initial conditions. The transfer function is most useful when the system is also lumped parameter and when transport lags are absent or neglected.
传递函数的定义要求系统是线性和平稳的，具有连续变量且初始条件为零。 当系统也是集总参数且缺少或忽略运输滞后时，传递函数最有用。
One of the methods for controlling the output voltage employs switching at a constant frequency (hence, a constant switching time period TS=ton+toff), and adjusting the on-duration of the switch to control the average output voltage.
控制输出电压的方法之一是以恒定频率（因此，恒定的开关时间周期ts＝ton+toff）进行切换，并调整开关的接通持续时间以控制平均输出电压。
In transfer function models these equations are transformed and variables are eliminated between them to find the relation between selected input and output variables.
在传递函数模型中，对这些方程式进行了转换，并消除了它们之间的变量，以找到所选输入变量和输出变量之间的关系。

论文摘要翻译

第一篇: Observations of offshore wind characteristics by Doppler-LiDAR for wind energy applications

原文	译文
The interest of investigating offshore wind characteristics is receiving growing attention worldwide, which mainly attempts to boost the development of offshore wind energy and accelerate sustainable development. In particular, the understanding of offshore wind characteristics at the hub heights of wind turbines is of great significance in regard to the assessment of economic feasibility and structural design of wind turbines. Since traditional meteorological masts have limitations in height due to economic and technical considerations, remote sensing techniques have increasingly been employed for offshore wind observations.	海上风电特性的研究在世界范围内受到越来越多的关注，其主要目的是促进海上风能的开发和促进可持续发展。特别是了解风电机组枢纽高度处的海上风特性，对于评估风电机组的经济可行性和结构设计具有重要意义。由于传统的气象桅杆由于经济和技术上的考虑，高度受到限制，遥感技术越来越多地应用于海上风场观测。
This paper presents a comprehensive assessment of offshore wind characteristics on the basis of measurements from a light detection and ranging (LiDAR) system at an offshore site in Hong Kong. The fidelity of the wind LiDAR measurements was firstly examined by comparing with those obtained from anemometers on a nearby meteorological mast. Statistical analysis of wind speed was performed by means of the Weibull distribution function, and the results were subsequently used to facilitate the determination of several characteristic parameters associated with wind energy applications. The vertical profiles of wind speed derived from the LiDAR system were compared with existing models. Characteristics of wind shear coefficient were examined within different height ranges. Furthermore, the offshore turbulence characteristics were investigated, including the turbulence intensity and gust factor. The outcomes of this study are expected to provide useful information for the development of offshore wind energy.	本文基于香港近海光探测和测距（LIDAR）系统的测量结果，对海上风场特性进行了综合评价。通过与附近气象桅杆上风速计的测量结果进行比较，首次检验了测风激光雷达测量结果的保真度。利用Weibull分布函数对风速进行统计分析，结果随后用于确定与风能应用相关的几个特征参数。从激光雷达系统得到的风速垂直廓线与现有模型进行了比较。研究了不同高度范围内的风切变系数特征。此外，还研究了近海湍流特性，包括湍流强度和阵风因子。本文的研究成果有望为海上风能的开发提供有益的参考。

第二篇: A survey on consumers empowerment, communication technologies, and renewable generation penetration within Smart Grid

原文	译文
The Smart Grid (SG) is a technological transformation from conventional electric grid, electro-mechanically controlled system, to smart, intelligent, and electronically controlled system called the “Smart Grid” (SG). There are about 20–30% losses present in the conventional electric grid due to substandard operations at generation, transmission and distribution side. The major players in the transformation are: (a) increased electricity cost, (b) aging infrastructure, © carbon footprint, (d) Green House Gas emissions, (e) climate change, and (f) less efficient electrical network. The promising features of the Smart Grid are: (a) intelligent de-centralized control, (b) resilience, © flexibility, (d) sustainability, (e) digitalization, (f) intelligence, (g) consumer empowerment, (h) green energy, and (i) smart infrastructure.	智能电网（SG）是从传统的电力网、机电控制系统向智能化、智能化、电子控制系统（SG）的技术转型。由于发电、输电和配电侧运行不达标，传统电网约有20-30%的损耗。转型的主要参与者是：（a）电力成本增加，（b）基础设施老化，（c）碳足迹，（d）温室气体排放，（e）气候变化，以及（f）效率较低的电网。智能电网的有前途的特点是：（a）智能去集中式控制，（b）弹性，（c）灵活性，（d）可持续性，（e）数字化，（f）智能，（g）消费者授权，（H）绿色能源，和（I）智能基础设施。
The fundamental issues and open challenges in the SG are lack of awareness, consumer acceptance, cyber terrorism, data collection management, energy metering, dynamic optimization and energy control. Considering above, in this paper, a comprehensive review exploring information of development, technologies, and techniques in the SG. The main goal is to investigate and reveal the key enabling technologies, to obtain better picture about the current status of SG development. The focus areas of this review study are Architectural Model focusing Consumer Empowerment (CE), Demand Response Program (DRP), and Demand Side Management (DSM). Our survey discusses in detail the Communication Technologies, such as Wireless Advance Metering Infrastructure (AMI), Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU), Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), and Machine to Machine Communication (M2M). The power systems such as Micro Grid, Nano Grid, Pico Grid, Inter Grid, Virtual Power Plants, and Distributed Generation are also elaborated in this review study. Renewable Energy Resources (RERs) Integration with the SG and Integration issues related to Distributed generation (DG) are presented in this survey. This survey also analyzes Architectural Model of the Smart Grid focusing consumer empowerment and prosumers interaction. The aim of this study is to provide deep understanding of technologies and their applications in the SG.	SG存在的根本问题和面临的挑战是缺乏认识、消费者接受度、网络恐怖主义、数据收集管理、能源计量、动态优化和能源控制。综上所述，本文对蒸汽发生器的发展、技术和技术进行了全面的综述。主要目的是研究和揭示关键的使能技术，更好地了解SG的发展现状。本综述研究的重点领域是关注消费者授权（CE）、需求响应计划（DRP）和需求侧管理（DSM）的架构模型。我们的调查详细讨论了通信技术，如无线预计量基础设施（AMI）、相量测量单元（PMU）、监控与数据采集（SCADA）和机对机通信（M2M）。对微电网、纳米电网、微微电网、互联电网、虚拟电厂、分布式发电等电力系统进行了综述。本文介绍了可再生能源（RERs）与SG的集成以及与分布式发电（DG）相关的集成问题。本次调查还分析了以消费者授权和消费者互动为重点的智能电网架构模型。本研究的目的是深入了解技术及其在蒸汽发生器中的应用。

第三篇: Mastering the game of Go with deep neural networks and tree search

原文

译文

The game of Go has long been viewed as the most challenging of classic games for artificial intelligence due to its enormous search space and the difficulty of evaluating board positions and moves. We introduce a new approach to computer Go that uses value networks to evaluate board positions and policy networks to select moves. These deep neural networks are trained by a novel combination of supervised learning from human expert games, and reinforcement learning from games of self-play. Without any lookahead search, the neural networks play Go at the level of state-of-the-art Monte-Carlo tree search programs that simulate thousands of random games of self-play. We also introduce a new search algorithm that combines Monte-Carlo simulation with value and policy networks. Using this search algorithm, our program AlphaGo achieved a 99.8% winning rate against other Go programs, and defeated the European Go champion by 5 games to 0. This is the first time that a computer program has defeated a human professional player in the full-sized game of Go, a feat previously thought to be at least a decade away.

围棋由于其巨大的搜索空间以及棋盘位置和动作的评估难度，一直被视为人工智能领域最具挑战性的经典游戏。我们提出了一种新的计算机围棋方法，它使用价值网络来评估棋盘位置，使用策略网络来选择移动。这些深层神经网络是由一种新的组合训练的监督学习从人类专家游戏，并加强学习从游戏的自我发挥。在没有任何前瞻性搜索的情况下，神经网络发挥了最先进的蒙特卡罗树搜索程序的水平，模拟数千个随机游戏的自我发挥。我们还介绍了一种新的搜索算法，将蒙特卡罗模拟与价值和策略网络相结合。使用这种搜索算法，我们的程序AlphaGo在与其他围棋程序的比赛中获得了99.8%的获胜率，并以5比0击败了欧洲围棋冠军。这是计算机程序第一次在全尺寸围棋游戏中击败人类专业玩家，这一壮举此前被认为至少还有十年的时间。