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You can press Ctrl+Alt+F1 to get a shell. Once there, try reinstalling Python and anything else you may be missing:
sudo apt-get install python3-all
sudo apt-get install gnome-terminal
If nothing seems to work properly, or your dependencies have been messed up, try installing all of the desktop components again. This should give you all of the dependencies you need.
sudo apt-get remove ubuntu-desktop
sudo apt-get install ubuntu-desktop