深度学习之RNN

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已于 2022-11-30 17:49:20 修改

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分类专栏：大数据与人工智能文章标签：深度学习 rnn 人工智能

于 2022-11-20 11:24:51 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/one_above_all_/article/details/127942463

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pytorch官方文档链接：RNN — PyTorch 1.13 documentation

RNN被用于处理序列数据：

RNN cell：

cell = torch.nn.RNNCell(input_size=input_size, hidden_size=hidden_size)中：

input_size：x(t)的维度
hidden_size：h(t-1)的维度

假设我们有一个序列具有如下属性：

batchSize = 1
seqLen = 3
inputSize = 4
hiddenSize = 2

序列通过shape变形成一个张量：𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑡. 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑒 =（𝒔𝒆𝒒𝑳𝒆𝒏, 𝒃𝒂𝒕𝒄𝒉𝑺𝒊𝒛𝒆, 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕𝑺𝒊𝒛𝒆）

由序列生成序列：

num_layers：RNN模型的层数。如下图，num_layers = 3

batch_first参数：

接下来是一个例子：sequence to sequence

先将序列转化为数字向量，在传进RNNCell：

RNN的output应该是预测的向量

直接上代码，注释里有思路

import torch

# 参数表
input_size = 4
hidden_size = 4
batch_size = 1
seq_len = 5

# 构建字典,将序列转换为数字向量
idx2char = ['e', 'h', 'l', 'o']
x_data = [1, 0, 2, 2, 3]  # input
y_data = [3, 1, 2, 3, 2]  # output

one_hot_lookup = [[1, 0, 0, 0],
                  [0, 1, 0, 0],
                  [0, 0, 1, 0],
                  [0, 0, 0, 1]]
x_one_hot = [one_hot_lookup[x] for x in x_data]  # 将索引转换为one_hot向量


# 将inputs重塑为(seq_len, batch_size, input_size)
inputs = torch.Tensor(x_one_hot).view(-1, batch_size, input_size)
# 将labels重塑为(seq_len, 1)
labels = torch.LongTensor(y_data).view(-1, 1)


class Model(torch.nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, input_size, hidden_size, batch_size):
        super(Model, self).__init__()
        # 初始化参数
        self.batch_size = batch_size
        self.input_size = input_size
        self.hidden_size = hidden_size
        self.rnncell = torch.nn.RNNCell(input_size=self.input_size,
                                        hidden_size=self.hidden_size)

    def forward(self, input, hidden):
        hidden = self.rnncell(input, hidden)
        return hidden

    def init_hidden(self):
        # 提供初始化的hidden
        return torch.randn(self.batch_size, self.hidden_size)


net = Model(input_size, hidden_size, batch_size)

# 优化
criterion = torch.nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(net.parameters(), lr=0.1)

# 训练过程
for epoch in range(15):
    loss = 0
    optimizer.zero_grad()
    hidden = net.init_hidden()
    print('Predicted string: ', end='')
    # inputs的维度：(seq_len, batch_size, input_size); labels的维度：(seq_len, 1)
    # input的维度：(batch_size, hidden_size); label的维度：(1)
    for input, label in zip(inputs, labels):
        hidden = net(input, hidden)  # RNN Cell
        loss += criterion(hidden, label)
        _, idx = hidden.max(dim=1)  # 输出prediction
        print(idx2char[idx.item()], end='')
    loss.backward()
    optimizer.step()
    print(', Epoch [%d/15]  loss=%.4f' % (epoch+1, loss.item()))

运行结果：

进行优化，使用RNN代替RNN Cell：

import torch

input_size = 4
hidden_size = 4
num_layers = 1
batch_size = 1
seq_len = 5

idx2char = ['e', 'h', 'l', 'o']
x_data = [1, 0, 2, 2, 3]
y_data = [3, 1, 2, 3, 2]

one_hot_lookup = [[1, 0, 0, 0],
                  [0, 1, 0, 0],
                  [0, 0, 1, 0],
                  [0, 0, 0, 1]]
x_one_hot = [one_hot_lookup[x] for x in x_data]

# inputs的维度为：(seq_len, batch_size, hidden_size)
inputs = torch.Tensor(x_one_hot).view(seq_len, batch_size, input_size)
# labels的维度为：(seq_len*batch_size, 1)
labels = torch.LongTensor(y_data)


class Model(torch.nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, input_size, hidden_size, batch_size, num_layers):
        super(Model, self).__init__()
        # input_size=4,hidden_size=4,
        # num_layers=1,batch_size=1,seq_len=5
        self.num_layers = num_layers
        self.batch_size = batch_size
        self.input_size = input_size
        self.hidden_size = hidden_size
        self.rnn = torch.nn.RNN(input_size=self.input_size,
                                hidden_size=self.hidden_size,
                                num_layers=num_layers)

    def forward(self, input):
        hidden = torch.zeros(self.num_layers,
                             self.batch_size,
                             self.hidden_size)
        out, _ = self.rnn(input, hidden)
        # 将out重塑为(seq_len*batch_size,hidden_size)
        return out.view(-1, self.hidden_size)


net = Model(input_size, hidden_size, batch_size, num_layers)

criterion = torch.nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(net.parameters(), lr=0.05)

# 训练过程
for epoch in range(15):
    optimizer.zero_grad()
    outputs = net(inputs)
    loss = criterion(outputs, labels)
    loss.backward()
    optimizer.step()

    _, idx = outputs.max(dim=1)
    idx = idx.data.numpy()
    print('Predicted: ', ''.join([idx2char[x] for x in idx]), end='')
    print(', Epoch [%d/15] loss = %.3f' % (epoch + 1, loss.item()))

运行结果：

关于one-hot编码：(18条消息) one-hot理解_Dorothy_Xue的博客-CSDN博客

one-hot编码是：高维的、稀疏的、硬编码的

而我们需要一个：低维的、稠密的、贴合数据特征的编码方式

一个非常流行且有效的方法：embedding

例如:2被映射为向量（0.3896，1.6526，-0.9640，1.2836，1.2430）

加入embedding和Linear层：

代码：

import torch

# parameters
num_class = 4
input_size = 4
hidden_size = 8
embedding_size = 10
num_layers = 2
batch_size = 1
seq_len = 5

idx2char = ['e', 'h', 'l', 'o']
x_data = [[1, 0, 2, 2, 3]]  # (batch, seq_len)
y_data = [3, 1, 2, 3, 2]  # (batch * seq_len)

inputs = torch.LongTensor(x_data)  # (batch_size, seq_len)
labels = torch.LongTensor(y_data)  # (batch_size, seq_len)


class Model(torch.nn.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super(Model, self).__init__()
        self.emb = torch.nn.Embedding(
            input_size, embedding_size)  # 查阅embedding矩阵
        # RNN输入：(batch_size, seq_len, embedding_size)
        # RNN输出：(batch_size, seq_len, hidden_size)
        self.rnn = torch.nn.RNN(input_size=embedding_size,
                                hidden_size=hidden_size,
                                num_layers=num_layers,
                                batch_first=True)
        # fc层输入：(batch_size, seq_len, hidden_size)
        # fc层输出：(batch_size, seq_len, num_class)
        self.fc = torch.nn.Linear(hidden_size, num_class)

    def forward(self, x):
        hidden = torch.zeros(num_layers, x.size(0), hidden_size)
        # 输入：LongTensor(batch_size, seq_len)
        # 输出：(batch, seqLen, embeddingSize)
        # 注意 batch first!!!
        x = self.emb(x)
        x, _ = self.rnn(x, hidden)
        x = self.fc(x)
        return x.view(-1, num_class)  # 重构结果以便使用Cross Entropy


net = Model()

# 优化
criterion = torch.nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(net.parameters(), lr=0.05)

for epoch in range(15):
    optimizer.zero_grad()
    outputs = net(inputs)
    loss = criterion(outputs, labels)
    loss.backward()
    optimizer.step()

    _, idx = outputs.max(dim=1)
    idx = idx.data.numpy()
    print('Predicted: ', ''.join([idx2char[x] for x in idx]), end='')
    print(', Epoch [%d/15]  loss = %.3f' % (epoch + 1, loss.item()))

运行结果：

LSTM(Long-Short Term Memory)神经网络：torch.nn — PyTorch 1.13 documentation

GRU(Gate Recurrent Memory)：torch.nn — PyTorch 1.13 documentation

例子：名称国家分类

因为不需要sequence-to-sequence，所以可以简单一些：

模型如下：

数据准备

Bi-dirctional of RNN/LSTM/GRU:

代码如下：

import torch
from torch.utils.data import Dataset, DataLoader
from torch.nn.utils.rnn import pad_sequence, pack_padded_sequence, pack_sequence, pad_packed_sequence
import gzip
import csv
import time

# Parameters
HIDDEN_SIZE = 100
BATCH_SIZE = 256
N_LAYER = 2
N_EPOCHS = 100
N_CHARS = 128
USE_GPU = False


class NameDataset(Dataset):
    def __init__(self, is_train_set=True):
        # 从.gz文件读取数据,利用gzip和csv
        filename = 'data/names_train.csv.gz' if is_train_set else 'data/names_test.csv.gz'
        with gzip.open(filename, 'rt') as f:
            reader = csv.reader(f)
            rows = list(reader)
        # 把name和country保存到list中
        self.names = [row[0] for row in rows]
        self.len = len(self.names)
        self.countries = [row[1] for row in rows]
        # 将countries和它们的索引保存在列表和字典中
        self.country_list = list(sorted(set(self.countries)))
        self.country_dict = self.getCountryDict()
        self.country_num = len(self.country_list)

    def __getitem__(self, index):
        # 获取name-country(index)对
        return self.names[index], self.country_dict[self.countries[index]]

    def __len__(self):
        # 数据集长度
        return self.len

    def getCountryDict(self):
        country_dict = dict()
        for idx, country_name in enumerate(self.country_list, 0):
            country_dict[country_name] = idx
        return country_dict

    def idx2country(self, index):
        # 通过索引返回country
        return self.country_list[index]

    def getCountriesNum(self):
        #  返回countries数量
        return self.country_num


class RNNClassifier(torch.nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, input_size, hidden_size, output_size, n_layers=1, bidirectional=True):
        super(RNNClassifier, self).__init__()
        self.hidden_size = hidden_size  # GRU参数
        self.n_layers = n_layers  # GRU参数
        self.n_directions = 2 if bidirectional else 1

        # input:(seq_len,batch_size); output:(seq_len,batch_size,hidden_size)
        self.embedding = torch.nn.Embedding(input_size, hidden_size)
        # inputs of GRU layer:
        # input:(seq_len,batch_size,hidden_size)
        # output:(n_layers*n_dirctions,batch_size,hidden_size)
        # outputs of GRU layer:
        # output:(seq_len,batch_size,hidden_size*n_dirctions)
        # hidden:(n_layers*n_dirctions,batch_size,hidden_size)
        self.gru = torch.nn.GRU(hidden_size, hidden_size, n_layers,
                                bidirectional=bidirectional)
        self.fc = torch.nn.Linear(hidden_size * self.n_directions, output_size)

    def _init_hidden(self, batch_size):
        hidden = torch.zeros(self.n_layers * self.n_directions,
                             batch_size, self.hidden_size)
        return create_tensor(hidden)

    def forward(self, input, seq_lengths):
        # input  shape  : B x  S -> S x  B
        input = input.t()
        batch_size = input.size(1)

        # 初始化hidden为:(n_layer*n_dirctions,batch_size,hidden_size)
        hidden = self._init_hidden(batch_size)
        # embedding的结果:(seq_len,batch_size,hidden_size)
        embedding = self.embedding(input)

        # output:元组
        # hidden:(n_layer*n_dirction,batch_size,hidden_size)
        output, hidden = self.gru(embedding, hidden)
        if self.n_directions == 2:
            # 如果使用bidirction GRU,forward hidden和backward hidden应该被链接起来
            hidden_cat = torch.cat([hidden[-1], hidden[-2]], dim=1)
        else:
            hidden_cat = hidden[-1]

        fc_output = self.fc(hidden_cat)  # 使用linear 分类器

        return fc_output


def make_tensors(names, countries):
    sequences_and_lengths = [name2list(name) for name in names]
    name_sequences = [sl[0] for sl in sequences_and_lengths]
    seq_lengths = torch.LongTensor([sl[1] for sl in sequences_and_lengths])
    countries = countries.long()

    # make tensor of name, BatchSize x SeqLen
    # padding
    seq_tensor = torch.zeros(len(name_sequences), seq_lengths.max()).long()
    for idx, (seq, seq_len) in enumerate(zip(name_sequences, seq_lengths), 0):
        seq_tensor[idx, :seq_len] = torch.LongTensor(seq)

    return create_tensor(seq_tensor), \
        create_tensor(seq_lengths),\
        create_tensor(countries)


def name2list(name):
    arr = [ord(c) for c in name]
    return arr, len(arr)


def create_tensor(tensor):
    if USE_GPU:
        device = torch.device("cuda:0")
        tensor = tensor.to(device)
    return tensor


def trainModel():
    total_loss = 0
    for i, (names, countries) in enumerate(trainloader, 1):
        inputs, seq_lengths, target = make_tensors(names, countries)
        output = classifier(inputs, seq_lengths)  # forward-计算output
        loss = criterion(output, target)  # forward-计算loss
        optimizer.zero_grad()  # zero grad-梯度置0
        loss.backward()  # backward
        optimizer.step()  # update

        total_loss += loss.item()
        if i % 10 == 0:
            print(f'[{i * len(inputs)}/{len(trainset)}] ', end='')
            print(f'loss={total_loss / (i * len(inputs))}')

    return total_loss


def testModel():
    correct = 0
    total = len(testset)
    print("evaluating trained model ...")
    # 告诉PyTorch不要计算梯度，节省时间与内存
    with torch.no_grad():
        for i, (names, countries) in enumerate(testloader, 1):
            # 计算模型输出
            inputs, seq_lengths, target = make_tensors(names, countries)
            output = classifier(inputs, seq_lengths)
            # 计算正确预测的数量
            pred = output.max(dim=1, keepdim=True)[1]
            correct += pred.eq(target.view_as(pred)).sum().item()

        percent = '%.2f' % (100 * correct / total)
        print(f'Test set: Accuracy {correct}/{total} {percent}%')

    return correct / total


def plot_acc(acc_list):
    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    import numpy as np

    epoch = np.arange(1, len(acc_list) + 1, 1)
    acc_list = np.array(acc_list)
    plt.plot(epoch, acc_list)
    plt.xlabel('Epoch')
    plt.ylabel('Accuracy')
    plt.grid()
    plt.show()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    # 准备Dataset和DataLoader
    trainset = NameDataset(is_train_set=True)
    trainloader = DataLoader(trainset, batch_size=BATCH_SIZE, shuffle=True)
    testset = NameDataset(is_train_set=False)
    testloader = DataLoader(testset, batch_size=BATCH_SIZE, shuffle=False)

    # output的大小
    N_COUNTRY = trainset.getCountriesNum()

    # 实例化分类器模型
    classifier = RNNClassifier(N_CHARS, HIDDEN_SIZE, N_COUNTRY, N_LAYER)
    if USE_GPU:
        device = torch.device("cuda:0")
        classifier.to(device)

    # 把cross_entropy_loss作为loss函数
    # 用Adam优化器
    criterion = torch.nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
    optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(classifier.parameters(), lr=0.001)

    print("Training for %d epochs..." % N_EPOCHS)
    acc_list = []  # 记录测试得到的精确度
    for epoch in range(1, N_EPOCHS + 1):
        # Train cycle
        # 每一次循环，训练并测试模型一次
        print('epoch: %d' % epoch)
        trainModel()
        acc = testModel()
        acc_list.append(acc)

    plot_acc(acc_list)