Matplotlib 点、线形状及颜色

Matplotlib 点、线形状及颜色

前言:
在Python中经常使用matplotlib画图，为了让图像显示的更加好看，经常需要对图表点、线形状及颜色进行设置。为了避免遗忘，整理相关的信息。

内容

1 matplotlib画图方法官方说明

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
help(plt.plot)

Help on function plot in module matplotlib.pyplot:

plot(*args, scalex=True, scaley=True, data=None, **kwargs)
    Plot y versus x as lines and/or markers.
    
    Call signatures::
    
        plot([x], y, [fmt], *, data=None, **kwargs)
        plot([x], y, [fmt], [x2], y2, [fmt2], ..., **kwargs)
    
    The coordinates of the points or line nodes are given by *x*, *y*.
    
    The optional parameter *fmt* is a convenient way for defining basic
    formatting like color, marker and linestyle. It's a shortcut string
    notation described in the *Notes* section below.
    
    >>> plot(x, y)        # plot x and y using default line style and color
    >>> plot(x, y, 'bo')  # plot x and y using blue circle markers
    >>> plot(y)           # plot y using x as index array 0..N-1
    >>> plot(y, 'r+')     # ditto, but with red plusses
    
    You can use `.Line2D` properties as keyword arguments for more
    control on the appearance. Line properties and *fmt* can be mixed.
    The following two calls yield identical results:
    
    >>> plot(x, y, 'go--', linewidth=2, markersize=12)
    >>> plot(x, y, color='green', marker='o', linestyle='dashed',
    ...      linewidth=2, markersize=12)
    
    When conflicting with *fmt*, keyword arguments take precedence.
    
    
    **Plotting labelled data**
    
    There's a convenient way for plotting objects with labelled data (i.e.
    data that can be accessed by index ``obj['y']``). Instead of giving
    the data in *x* and *y*, you can provide the object in the *data*
    parameter and just give the labels for *x* and *y*::
    
    >>> plot('xlabel', 'ylabel', data=obj)
    
    All indexable objects are supported. This could e.g. be a `dict`, a
    `pandas.DataFrame` or a structured numpy array.
    
    
    **Plotting multiple sets of data**
    
    There are various ways to plot multiple sets of data.
    
    - The most straight forward way is just to call `plot` multiple times.
      Example:
    
      >>> plot(x1, y1, 'bo')
      >>> plot(x2, y2, 'go')
    
    - Alternatively, if your data is already a 2d array, you can pass it
      directly to *x*, *y*. A separate data set will be drawn for every
      column.
    
      Example: an array ``a`` where the first column represents the *x*
      values and the other columns are the *y* columns::
    
      >>> plot(a[0], a[1:])
    
    - The third way is to specify multiple sets of *[x]*, *y*, *[fmt]*
      groups::
    
      >>> plot(x1, y1, 'g^', x2, y2, 'g-')
    
      In this case, any additional keyword argument applies to all
      datasets. Also this syntax cannot be combined with the *data*
      parameter.
    
    By default, each line is assigned a different style specified by a
    'style cycle'. The *fmt* and line property parameters are only
    necessary if you want explicit deviations from these defaults.
    Alternatively, you can also change the style cycle using
    :rc:`axes.prop_cycle`.
    
    
    Parameters
    ----------
    x, y : array-like or scalar
        The horizontal / vertical coordinates of the data points.
        *x* values are optional and default to ``range(len(y))``.
    
        Commonly, these parameters are 1D arrays.
    
        They can also be scalars, or two-dimensional (in that case, the
        columns represent separate data sets).
    
        These arguments cannot be passed as keywords.
    
    fmt : str, optional
        A format string, e.g. 'ro' for red circles. See the *Notes*
        section for a full description of the format strings.
    
        Format strings are just an abbreviation for quickly setting
        basic line properties. All of these and more can also be
        controlled by keyword arguments.
    
        This argument cannot be passed as keyword.
    
    data : indexable object, optional
        An object with labelled data. If given, provide the label names to
        plot in *x* and *y*.
    
        .. note::
            Technically there's a slight ambiguity in calls where the
            second label is a valid *fmt*. ``plot('n', 'o', data=obj)``
            could be ``plt(x, y)`` or ``plt(y, fmt)``. In such cases,
            the former interpretation is chosen, but a warning is issued.
            You may suppress the warning by adding an empty format string
            ``plot('n', 'o', '', data=obj)``.
    
    Returns
    -------
    list of `.Line2D`
        A list of lines representing the plotted data.
    
    Other Parameters
    ----------------
    scalex, scaley : bool, default: True
        These parameters determine if the view limits are adapted to the
        data limits. The values are passed on to `autoscale_view`.
    
    **kwargs : `.Line2D` properties, optional
        *kwargs* are used to specify properties like a line label (for
        auto legends), linewidth, antialiasing, marker face color.
        Example::
    
        >>> plot([1, 2, 3], [1, 2, 3], 'go-', label='line 1', linewidth=2)
        >>> plot([1, 2, 3], [1, 4, 9], 'rs', label='line 2')
    
        If you make multiple lines with one plot call, the kwargs
        apply to all those lines.
    
        Here is a list of available `.Line2D` properties:
    
        Properties:
        agg_filter: a filter function, which takes a (m, n, 3) float array and a dpi value, and returns a (m, n, 3) array
        alpha: float or None
        animated: bool
        antialiased or aa: bool
        clip_box: `.Bbox`
        clip_on: bool
        clip_path: Patch or (Path, Transform) or None
        color or c: color
        contains: unknown
        dash_capstyle: {'butt', 'round', 'projecting'}
        dash_joinstyle: {'miter', 'round', 'bevel'}
        dashes: sequence of floats (on/off ink in points) or (None, None)
        data: (2, N) array or two 1D arrays
        drawstyle or ds: {'default', 'steps', 'steps-pre', 'steps-mid', 'steps-post'}, default: 'default'
        figure: `.Figure`
        fillstyle: {'full', 'left', 'right', 'bottom', 'top', 'none'}
        gid: str
        in_layout: bool
        label: object
        linestyle or ls: {'-', '--', '-.', ':', '', (offset, on-off-seq), ...}
        linewidth or lw: float
        marker: marker style string, `~.path.Path` or `~.markers.MarkerStyle`
        markeredgecolor or mec: color
        markeredgewidth or mew: float
        markerfacecolor or mfc: color
        markerfacecoloralt or mfcalt: color
        markersize or ms: float
        markevery: None or int or (int, int) or slice or List[int] or float or (float, float) or List[bool]
        path_effects: `.AbstractPathEffect`
        picker: unknown
        pickradius: float
        rasterized: bool or None
        sketch_params: (scale: float, length: float, randomness: float)
        snap: bool or None
        solid_capstyle: {'butt', 'round', 'projecting'}
        solid_joinstyle: {'miter', 'round', 'bevel'}
        transform: `matplotlib.transforms.Transform`
        url: str
        visible: bool
        xdata: 1D array
        ydata: 1D array
        zorder: float
    
    See Also
    --------
    scatter : XY scatter plot with markers of varying size and/or color (
        sometimes also called bubble chart).
    
    Notes
    -----
    **Format Strings**
    
    A format string consists of a part for color, marker and line::
    
        fmt = '[marker][line][color]'
    
    Each of them is optional. If not provided, the value from the style
    cycle is used. Exception: If ``line`` is given, but no ``marker``,
    the data will be a line without markers.
    
    Other combinations such as ``[color][marker][line]`` are also
    supported, but note that their parsing may be ambiguous.
    
    **Markers**
    
    =============    ===============================
    character        description
    =============    ===============================
    ``'.'``          point marker
    ``','``          pixel marker
    ``'o'``          circle marker
    ``'v'``          triangle_down marker
    ``'^'``          triangle_up marker
    ``'<'``          triangle_left marker
    ``'>'``          triangle_right marker
    ``'1'``          tri_down marker
    ``'2'``          tri_up marker
    ``'3'``          tri_left marker
    ``'4'``          tri_right marker
    ``'s'``          square marker
    ``'p'``          pentagon marker
    ``'*'``          star marker
    ``'h'``          hexagon1 marker
    ``'H'``          hexagon2 marker
    ``'+'``          plus marker
    ``'x'``          x marker
    ``'D'``          diamond marker
    ``'d'``          thin_diamond marker
    ``'|'``          vline marker
    ``'_'``          hline marker
    =============    ===============================
    
    **Line Styles**
    
    =============    ===============================
    character        description
    =============    ===============================
    ``'-'``          solid line style
    ``'--'``         dashed line style
    ``'-.'``         dash-dot line style
    ``':'``          dotted line style
    =============    ===============================
    
    Example format strings::
    
        'b'    # blue markers with default shape
        'or'   # red circles
        '-g'   # green solid line
        '--'   # dashed line with default color
        '^k:'  # black triangle_up markers connected by a dotted line
    
    **Colors**
    
    The supported color abbreviations are the single letter codes
    
    =============    ===============================
    character        color
    =============    ===============================
    ``'b'``          blue
    ``'g'``          green
    ``'r'``          red
    ``'c'``          cyan
    ``'m'``          magenta
    ``'y'``          yellow
    ``'k'``          black
    ``'w'``          white
    =============    ===============================
    
    and the ``'CN'`` colors that index into the default property cycle.
    
    If the color is the only part of the format string, you can
    additionally use any  `matplotlib.colors` spec, e.g. full names
    (``'green'``) or hex strings (``'#008000'``).

颜色

支持的颜色缩写：

• ‘b’: 蓝色(blue)
• ‘g’: 绿色(green)
• ‘r’: 红色(red)
• ‘c’: 青色(cyan)
• ‘m’: 品红(magenta)
• ‘y’: 黄色(yellow)
• ‘k’: 黑色(black)
• ‘w’: 白色(white)

查看 matplotlib.colors 定义的内容

import matplotlib
?matplotlib.colors

Type:        module
String form: <module 'matplotlib.colors' from 'D:\\Anaconda3\\envs\\laste\\lib\\site-packages\\matplotlib\\colors.py'>
File:        d:\anaconda3\envs\laste\lib\site-packages\matplotlib\colors.py
Docstring:  
A module for converting numbers or color arguments to *RGB* or *RGBA*.

*RGB* and *RGBA* are sequences of, respectively, 3 or 4 floats in the
range 0-1.

This module includes functions and classes for color specification conversions,
and for mapping numbers to colors in a 1-D array of colors called a colormap.

Mapping data onto colors using a colormap typically involves two steps: a data
array is first mapped onto the range 0-1 using a subclass of `Normalize`,
then this number is mapped to a color using a subclass of `Colormap`.  Two
sublasses of `Colormap` provided here:  `LinearSegmentedColormap`, which uses
piecewise-linear interpolation to define colormaps, and `ListedColormap`, which
makes a colormap from a list of colors.

.. seealso::

  :doc:`/tutorials/colors/colormap-manipulation` for examples of how to
  make colormaps and

  :doc:`/tutorials/colors/colormaps` for a list of built-in colormaps.

  :doc:`/tutorials/colors/colormapnorms` for more details about data
  normalization

  More colormaps are available at palettable_.

The module also provides functions for checking whether an object can be
interpreted as a color (`is_color_like`), for converting such an object
to an RGBA tuple (`to_rgba`) or to an HTML-like hex string in the
"#rrggbb" format (`to_hex`), and a sequence of colors to an (n, 4)
RGBA array (`to_rgba_array`).  Caching is used for efficiency.

Matplotlib recognizes the following formats to specify a color:

* an RGB or RGBA (red, green, blue, alpha) tuple of float values in closed
  interval ``[0, 1]`` (e.g., ``(0.1, 0.2, 0.5)`` or ``(0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 0.3)``);
* a hex RGB or RGBA string (e.g., ``'#0f0f0f'`` or ``'#0f0f0f80'``;
  case-insensitive);
* a shorthand hex RGB or RGBA string, equivalent to the hex RGB or RGBA
  string obtained by duplicating each character, (e.g., ``'#abc'``, equivalent
  to ``'#aabbcc'``, or ``'#abcd'``, equivalent to ``'#aabbccdd'``;
  case-insensitive);
* a string representation of a float value in ``[0, 1]`` inclusive for gray
  level (e.g., ``'0.5'``);
* one of the characters ``{'b', 'g', 'r', 'c', 'm', 'y', 'k', 'w'}``, which
  are short-hand notations for shades of blue, green, red, cyan, magenta,
  yellow, black, and white. Note that the colors ``'g', 'c', 'm', 'y'`` do not
  coincide with the X11/CSS4 colors. Their particular shades were chosen for
  better visibility of colored lines against typical backgrounds.
* a X11/CSS4 color name (case-insensitive);
* a name from the `xkcd color survey`_, prefixed with ``'xkcd:'`` (e.g.,
  ``'xkcd:sky blue'``; case insensitive);
* one of the Tableau Colors from the 'T10' categorical palette (the default
  color cycle): ``{'tab:blue', 'tab:orange', 'tab:green', 'tab:red',
  'tab:purple', 'tab:brown', 'tab:pink', 'tab:gray', 'tab:olive', 'tab:cyan'}``
  (case-insensitive);
* a "CN" color spec, i.e. 'C' followed by a number, which is an index into the
  default property cycle (:rc:`axes.prop_cycle`); the indexing is intended to
  occur at rendering time, and defaults to black if the cycle does not include
  color.

.. _palettable: https://jiffyclub.github.io/palettable/
.. _xkcd color survey: https://xkcd.com/color/rgb/

Matplotlib可以识别如下格式的颜色：

浮点形式的RGB或RGBA元组，例如：(0.1, 0.2, 0.5)或(0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 0.3)
16进制的RGB或RGBA字符串，例如：'#0F0F0F'或'#0F0F0F0F'
[0, 1]之间的小数作为的灰度值，例如：'0.5'
{'b', 'g', 'r', 'c', 'm', 'y', 'k', 'w'} 中间的一个颜色
X11/CSS4规定中的颜色名称
Xkcd中指定的颜色名称，例如：'xkcd:sky blue'
Tableau 'T10'调色板中的颜色 {'tab:blue', 'tab:orange', 'tab:green', 'tab:red', 'tab:purple', 'tab:brown', 'tab:pink','tab:gray', 'tab:olive', 'tab:cyan'}
“CN”格式颜色循环，其中 为数字，对应的颜色为matplotlib.rcParams['axes.prop_cycle']重点的值：cycler('color', ['#1f77b4', '#ff7f0e', '#2ca02c', '#d62728', '#9467bd', '#8c564b', '#e377c2', '#7f7f7f', '#bcbd22', '#17becf'])

标记点

支持的类型：

• ‘.’：点(point marker)
• ‘,’：像素点(pixel marker)
• ‘o’：圆形(circle marker)
• ‘v’：朝下三角形(triangle_down marker)
• ‘^’：朝上三角形(triangle_up marker)
• ‘<’：朝左三角形(triangle_left marker)
• ‘>’：朝右三角形(triangle_right marker)
• ‘1’：(tri_down marker)
• ‘2’：(tri_up marker)
• ‘3’：(tri_left marker)
• ‘4’：(tri_right marker)
• ‘s’：正方形(square marker)
• ‘p’：五边星(pentagon marker)
• ‘*’：星型(star marker)
• ‘h’：1号六角形(hexagon1 marker)
• ‘H’：2号六角形(hexagon2 marker)
• ‘+’：+号标记(plus marker)
• ‘x’：x号标记(x marker)
• ‘D’：菱形(diamond marker)
• ‘d’：小型菱形(thin_diamond marker)
• ‘|’：垂直线形(vline marker)
• ‘_’：水平线形(hline marker)

import matplotlib.pylab as plt
markers = ['.', ',', 'o', 'v', '^', '<', '>', '1', '2', '3', '4', '8', 's', 'p', 'P', '*', 'h', 'H', '+', 'x', 'X', 'D',
'd', '|', '_']
descriptions = ['point', 'pixel', 'circle', 'triangle_down', 'triangle_up', 'triangle_left', 'triangle_right',
'tri_down', 'tri_up', 'tri_left', 'tri_right', 'octagon', 'square', 'pentagon', 'plus (filled)', 'star',
'hexagon1', 'hexagon2', 'plus', 'x', 'x (filled)', 'diamond', 'thin_diamond', 'vline', 'hline']
x = []
y = []
for i in range(5):
    for j in range(5):
        x.append(i)
        y.append(j)
        
plt.figure()
for i, j, m, l in zip(x, y, markers, descriptions):
    plt.scatter(i, j, marker=m)
    plt.text(i - 0.15, j + 0.15, s=m + ' : ' + l)
    plt.axis([-0.1, 4.8, -0.1, 4.5])
    plt.tight_layout()
    plt.axis('off')
    plt.show()

### 线型

支持的线型：

• ‘-’：实线(solid line style)
• ‘–’：虚线(dashed line style)
• ‘-.’：点划线(dash-dot line style)
• ‘:’：点线(dotted line style)

reference:

@misc{BibEntry2021Aug,
	title = {{matplotlib.pyplot.plot — Matplotlib 3.4.3 documentation}},
	year = {2021},
	month = {Aug},
	note = {[Online; accessed 26. Sep. 2021]},
	url = {https://matplotlib.org/stable/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html}
}
@misc{BibEntry2021Sep,
	title = {{Matplotlib 点、线形状及颜色 – 标点符}},
	year = {2021},
	month = {Sep},
	note = {[Online; accessed 26. Sep. 2021]},
	url = {https://www.biaodianfu.com/matplotlib-plot.html#%E7%BA%BF%E5%9E%8B}
}