一元多项式的带余除法

多项式的度

定义

非零多项式 $f \left (x \right ) = \sum _{i = 0} ^ {n} a_i x^i$ （其中首项 $a_n \neq 0$ ）的度 $\deg \left (f \left (x \right ) \right ) = n$

性质

1. $f \left (x \right ) \neq 0, g \left (x \right ) \neq 0 \Rightarrow \deg \left (f \left (x \right ) g \left (x \right ) \right ) = \deg \left (f \left (x \right ) \right ) + \deg \left (g \left (x \right ) \right )$
2. $f \left (x \right ) \neq 0, g \left (x \right ) \neq 0, f \left (x \right ) + g \left (x \right ) \neq 0 \Rightarrow \deg \left (f \left (x \right ) + g \left (x \right ) \right ) \le \max \{ \deg \left (f \left (x \right ) \right ), \deg \left (g \left (x \right ) \right )\}$
3. $\deg \left (f \left (x \right ) \right ) = 0 \Leftrightarrow f\left (x \right )$ 是非零常数。

多项式运算的性质

1. $f \left (x \right ) + g \left (x \right ) = g \left (x \right ) + f \left (x \right )$
2. $\left [ f \left (x \right ) + g \left (x \right ) \right ] + h \left (x \right ) = f \left (x \right ) + \left [ g \left (x \right ) + h \left (x \right ) \right ]$
3. $f \left (x \right ) g \left (x \right ) = g \left (x \right ) f \left (x \right )$
4. $\left [ f \left (x \right ) g \left (x \right ) \right ] h \left (x \right ) = f \left (x \right ) \left [ g \left (x \right ) h \left (x \right ) \right ]$
5. $f \left (x \right ) \left [ g \left (x \right ) + h \left (x \right ) \right ] = f \left (x \right ) g \left (x \right ) + f \left (x \right ) h \left (x \right )$
6. $f \left (x \right ) \neq 0, f \left (x \right )g \left (x \right ) = f \left (x \right )h \left (x \right ) \Rightarrow g \left (x \right ) = h \left (x \right )$
   证明：
   f(x)