云计算实战系列十五(SQL I)

一、MySQL数据库表操作

MySQL表的基本概念

在windows中有个程序叫做excel. 而Excel文件中存在了如sheet1、sheet2、sheet3的表, 所有的sheet都存储在这个Excel文件中, 在某个sheet中有相应的数据.

回到数据库和表的关系上来说, 这个Excel文件就是一个数据库, 所有的sheet就是存储在库中的表, 表中去存储数据, 而我们学习的MySQL程序就是Excel程序,它是用来集中管理这些Excel文件的工具. 而我们在工作中又称这种机制类型为: 关系型数据库

1.1、MySQL表的操作DDL

数据库DDL操作

系统数据库(了解)
information_schema：  虚拟库，主要存储了系统中的一些数据库对象的信息，例如用户表信息、列信息、权限信息、字符信息等
performance_schema：  主要存储数据库服务器的性能参数
mysql：                     授权库，主要存储系统用户的权限信息
sys：                         主要存储数据库服务器的性能参数（目标是把performance_schema的把复杂度降低）

创建数据库：DDL
1. mysqladmin   -u root -p1  create  db1
2. 直接去创建数据库目录并且修改权限
3. mysql>  create database newrain;

数据库命名规则：
    区分大小写
    唯一性
    不能使用关键字如 create SELECT
    不能单独使用数字

查看数据库
mysql> show databases;                //查看所有数据库
mysql> show create database laowang;    //查看创建的库信息
mysql> SELECT database();                           //查看当前库

切换数据库
mysql> use laowang
mysql> show tables;

删除数据库   
DROP DATABASE 数据库名;

表的DDL操作

这些操作都是数据库管理中最基本，也是最重要的操作。
内容包括:
    创建表 create table
    查看表结构 desc table,  show create table
    表完整性约束
    修改表 alter table
    复制表 create table ...
    删除表 drop table

表是数据库存储数据的基本单位，由若干个字段组成，主要用来存储数据记录。


命令行操作数据库（脚本）
mysql>create database db2;
mysql>use db2
mysql>create table t1(name char(20),age int(2));

# mysql -u root -p1 -e "create database newrain"
# mysql -u root -p1 -e "use newrain;create table t2(name char(20),age int(3))"

在mysql客户端内执行系统命令
    mysql> system  ls
    mysql> \!  ls

    edit

创建表
表:school.student1
字段        字段         字段         字段
id       name       sex       age
1        tom          male     23       记录
2        jack         male     21       记录
3        alice      female   19     记录

语法：
create table 表名(
        字段名1  类型[(宽度) 约束条件],
        字段名2  类型[(宽度) 约束条件],
        字段名3  类型[(宽度) 约束条件]
)[存储引擎 字符集];
==在同一张表中，字段名是不能相同
==宽度和约束条件可选
==字段名和类型是必须的

mysql> CREATE DATABASE school;
mysql> use school;
mysql> create table student1(
    -> id int,
    -> name varchar(50),                 
    -> sex enum('m','FROM'),
    -> age int
    -> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)

查看表（当前所在库）
mysql> show tables; 
+------------------+
| Tables_in_school |
+------------------+
| student1         |
+------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> desc student1;                       //查看表结构
mysql> show create table student1;       
mysql> show table status like 'student1' \G     显示数据的详细信息

查看表内容
mysql> SELECT id,name,sex,age from student1;    //查询表中指定字段的值
Empty set (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT * from student1;                  //查询表中所有字段的值
Empty set (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT name,age from student1;           //查询表中指定字段的值
Empty set (0.00 sec)

修改表：     
alter  修改表名称 修改字段名称  修改字段数据类型  修改字段的修饰符
insert 插入数据
delete 删除数据
update 更新数据 

修改表名称
mysql> rename table emp to abc;
mysql> alter table abc rename emp;

添加新字段
mysql> create table t1(id int(5),name varchar(20));
mysql> alter table t1  add math int(10);
mysql> alter table t1  add (chinese int(10),english int(10));

修改字段数据类型、修饰符（约束）
    mysql> alter table t1  modify chinese int(5) not null;
修改字段名称、数据类型、修饰符（约束）
    mysql> alter table t1 change chinese  china int(6);
    mysql> alter table t1 change english  en int(6) after id;
    mysql> alter table t1 change en en int(6) after name;
    mysql> alter table t1 modify en int(6) first;
    mysql> alter table t1 modify en int(6) after id;

删除字段
    mysql> alter table t1 drop en;      

插入数据(添加记录)
    字符串必须引号引起来    
    mysql> insert into t1(id,name,math,china) values(1,"wing",80,90);
    mysql> insert into t1(id,name,math,china) values(2,"king",70,100),(3,"tom",50,70);
    mysql> insert into t1  values(4,"xiaosan",50,100);
    mysql> insert into t1(id,math) values(5,70);
    mysql> insert into t1 set id=6,math=65;

更新记录   
    mysql> update t1 set name="lili" WHERE id=5;

删除记录
    mysql> delete from  t1 WHERE id=6;
    mysql> delete from  t1;    //删除所有记录

表复制：
复制一张表
    mysql> create table t10(SELECT * from t3);
    mysql> create table t10(SELECT id,name from t3);

复制表结构
mysql> desc t3;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id1   | int(11) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| id2   | int(6)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql>  create table t13(SELECT  id1,id2  from t3 WHERE 5=4);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc t13;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id1   | int(11) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| id2   | int(6)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)


mysql>  create table t14(SELECT  id1  from t3 WHERE 5=4);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc t14;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id1   | int(11) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)


mysql> create table t4(SELECT * from t3 WHERE 5=4);
mysql> create table t4(SELECT  id,name  from t3 WHERE 5=4);

复制记录
mysql> insert into t3 SELECT * from t10 WHERE id=9;  俩表格字段要相同

删除表
mysql> drop table t1;

删除库
mysql> drop database newrain;


了解(！！！)
表完整性约束
作用：用于保证数据的完整性和一致性
==============================================================
约束条件                       说明
NOT NULL                      标识该字段不能为null
UNIQUE KEY  (UK)        标识该字段的值是唯一的，可以为空，一个表中可以有多个UNIQUE KEY
AUTO_INCREMENT          标识该字段的值自动增长（整数类型，而且为主键）
DEFAULT                       为该字段设置默认值
UNSIGNED            无符号(正数)
ZEROFILL            使用0填充，例如0000001

说明：
1. 是否允许为空，默认NULL；可设置NOT NULL，字段不允许为空，必须赋值
2. 字段是否有默认值，缺省的默认值是NULL，如果插入记录时不给字段赋值，此字段使用默认值
    sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male'
    age int unsigned NOT NULL default 20        必须为正值（无符号） 不允许为空  默认是20

1.2、MySQL数据类型

一、MySQL常见的数据类型

常见的数据类型
数值类型：
        整数类型         TINYINT SMALLINT MEDIUMINT INT BIGINT  
        整型可以指定是有符号的和无符号的，默认是有符号的
        可以通过UNSIGNED来说明某个字段是无符号的。

        浮点数类型        FLOAT DOUBLE



字符串类型：
        CHAR系列      CHAR  VARCHAR
      BINARY系列  BINARY VARBINARY 
      枚举类型：   ENUM
      集合类型：     SET  

时间和日期类型：    
      DATE TIME DATETIME TIMESTAMP YEAR
二、数据类型测试
===整数类型测试：tinyint(有符号型最大值127),int（有符号型最大值2147483647)
作用：用于存储用户的年龄、游戏的Level、经验值等。

LAB1(案例1):
mysql> create database db1;
mysql> use db1;
mysql> create table test1( 
    -> tinyint_test tinyint,
    -> int_test int
    -> );

mysql> desc test1;
+--------------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field        | Type       | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| tinyint_test | tinyint(4) | YES  |     | NULL    |       | 
| int_test     | int(11)    | YES  |     | NULL    |       | 
+--------------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into test1 values (111,111);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.09 sec)

mysql> insert into test1(tinyint_test) values(128);
ERROR 1264 (22003): Out of range value for column 'tinyint_test' at row 1

mysql> insert into test1(int_test) values(2147483647);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)

mysql> insert into test1(int_test) values(2147483648);
ERROR 1264 (22003): Out of range value for column 'int_test' at row 1

//测试结果，默认有符号，超过存储范围出错。

LAB2: 无符号整型测试
mysql> create table test2(
    -> tinyint_test tinyint unsigned,               //约束条件unsigned限定只能存正值（无符号）
    -> int_test int unsigned
    -> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> desc test2;
+--------------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field        | Type                | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| tinyint_test | tinyint(3) unsigned | YES  |     | NULL    |       | 
| int_test     | int(10) unsigned    | YES  |     | NULL    |       | 
+--------------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into test2(tinyint_test) values(111);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)

mysql> insert into test2(int_test) values(2147483648);
Query OK, 1 row affected (1.87 sec)

mysql> insert into test2 values(-20,-20);
ERROR 1264 (22003): Out of range value for column 'tinyint_test' at row 1


测试整数类型的显示宽度（int不限制宽度）
mysql> create table t1 (
    -> id1 int,
    -> id2 int(6)
    -> );

mysql> desc t1;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id1   | int(11) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| id2   | int(6)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+

mysql> insert into t1 values(1,1);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT * from t1;
+------+------+
| id1  | id2  |
+------+------+
|    1 |    1 |
+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)


mysql> create table t2 (
    -> id1 int zerofill,
    -> id2 int(6) zerofill
    -> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)

mysql> desc t2;
+-------+---------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type                      | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id1   | int(10) unsigned zerofill | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| id2   | int(6) unsigned zerofill  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+---------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into t2 values(2,2);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> SELECT * from t2;
+------------+--------+
| id1        | id2    |
+------------+--------+
| 0000000002 | 000002 |
+------------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)


mysql> insert into t2 values(3,2222222);        //插入大于宽度限制的值，仍然可以存储
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

mysql> SELECT * from t2;
+------------+---------+
| id1        | id2     |
+------------+---------+
| 0000000002 |  000002 |
| 0000000003 | 2222222 |
+------------+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

结论：整形的宽度仅为显示宽度，不是限制。因此建议整形无须指定宽度。


===浮点数类型测试：
作用：用于存储用户的身高、体重、薪水等
浮点数和定点数都可以用类型名称后加(M,D)的方式来表示，(M,D)表示一共显示M位数字（整数位
+小数位），其中D位于小数点后面，M和D又称为精度和标度。

float表示的精度大约是7位。
mysql> create table test4(float_test float(5,2));       //一共5位，小数占2位
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> desc test4;
+------------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field      | Type       | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+------------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| float_test | float(5,2) | YES  |     | NULL    |       | 
+------------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into test4 values (10.2), (70.243), (70.246);
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> SELECT * from test4;
+------------+
| float_test |
+------------+
|      10.20 | 
|      70.24 | 
|      70.25 | 
+------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
可以观察到，超出表示的范围，MySQL在保存值时会进行四舍五入。

mysql> insert into test4 values (1111.2);
ERROR 1264 (22003): Out of range value for column 'float_test' at row 1


mysql> create table t111(FROM1 float,FROM2 float(10,2));
mysql> insert into t111 values(123.123,12345678.90);
mysql> SELECT *  from t111;
+---------+-------------+
| FROM1      | FROM2          |
+---------+-------------+
| 123.123 | 12345679.00 |
+---------+-------------+
注意：如果数据精度丢失，那么浮点型是按照四舍五入的方式进行计算
mysql> insert into t111 values(123.12345678,123456789.90);
ERROR 1264 (22003): Out of range value for column 'FROM2' at row 1
超出范围报错
mysql> insert into t111 values(123.12345678,99999999.99);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> SELECT *  from t111;
+---------+--------------+
| FROM1      | FROM2           |
+---------+--------------+
| 123.123 |  12345679.00 |
| 123.123 | 100000000.00 |
+---------+--------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)


double（精度较高，更精确）精度有15位左右。
mysql> insert into t112 values(123.12345678,99999999.99);
mysql> SELECT * from t112;
+--------------+-------------+
| FROM1           | FROM2          |
+--------------+-------------+
| 123.12345678 | 99999999.99 |
+--------------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)



定点数decimal测试（精度最高）：
mysql>  create table test17(id int,a float(10,8),b decimal(10,8));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into test17 values (100,23.12345612,23.12345612);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT *  from test17;
+------+-------------+-------------+
| id   | a           | b           |
+------+-------------+-------------+
|  100 | 23.12345695 | 23.12345612 |
+------+-------------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
注：float表示的精度大约是7位。
   decimal整数大位数m为65。支持小数大位数d是30。


===时间和日期类型测试：year、date、time、datetime、timestamp
作用：用于存储用户的注册时间，文章的发布时间，文章的更新时间，员工的入职时间等
mysql> create table test_time(
    -> d date,
    -> t time,
    -> dt datetime
    -> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)

mysql> desc test_time;
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type     | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| d     | date     | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| t     | time     | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| dt    | datetime | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> SELECT now();
+---------------------+
| now()               |
+---------------------+
| 2019-08-19 06:17:28 |
+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)


mysql> insert into test_time values(now(),now(),now());
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.02 sec)

mysql> SELECT * from test_time;
+------------+----------+---------------------+
| d          | t        | dt                  |
+------------+----------+---------------------+
| 2013-12-18 | 00:06:10 | 2013-12-18 00:06:10 |
+------------+----------+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

timestamp
mysql> create table d(name char(20),time timestamp);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into d values("laowang",null);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT *  from d;
+-----------+---------------------+
| name      | time                |
+-----------+---------------------+
| laowang   | 2019-08-20 15:06:23 |
+-----------+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)




注意事项：
其它的时间，按要求插入
==插入年份时，尽量使用4位值
==插入两位年份时，<=69，以20开头，比如65,  结果2065      
                                >=70，以19开头，比如82，结果1982

mysql> create table t3(born_year year);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.40 sec)

mysql> desc t3;
+-----------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field     | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-----------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| born_year | year(4) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-----------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)


mysql> insert into t3 values
        -> (12),(80);
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.06 sec)
Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> SELECT * from t3;
+-----------+
| born_year |
+-----------+
|      2012 |
|      1980 |
+-----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)


＝＝＝字符串类型测试：CHAR、VARCHAR
作用：用于存储用户的姓名、爱好、发布的文章等
CHAR     列的长度固定为创建表时声明的长度： 0 ~ 255
VARCHAR  列中的值为可变长字符串，长度： 0 ~ 65535

注：在检索的时候，CHAR列删除了尾部的空格，而VARCHAR则保留这些空格

mysql> create table vc (
    -> v varchar(4),
    -> c char(4)
    -> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)

mysql> desc vc;
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type       | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| v     | varchar(4) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| c     | char(4)    | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into vc values('ab   ','ab   ');
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT * from vc;
+------+------+
| v    | c    |
+------+------+
| ab   | ab   |
+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT length(v),length(c) from vc;
+-----------+-----------+
| length(v) | length(c) |
+-----------+-----------+
|         4 |         2 |
+-----------+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT concat(v,'='), concat(c,'=') from vc;         //在后面加字符'='，看的更清楚
+---------------+---------------+
| concat(v,'=') | concat(c,'=') |
+---------------+---------------+
| ab  =         | ab=           |
+---------------+---------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)


字符串类型测试：BINARY、VARBINARY
BINARY 和 VARBINARY类似于CHAR 和 VARCHAR，不同的是它们包含二进制字符而不包含
非二进制字符串

mysql> create table binary_t (c binary(3));
mysql> insert into binary_t values ('10');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> create table binary_d (c varbinary(3));
mysql> insert into binary_d values ('10');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> SELECT length(c) from binary_t WHERE c=10;
+-----------+
| length(c) |
+-----------+
|         3 |
+-----------+
1 row in set, 2 warnings (0.01 sec)

mysql> SELECT length(c) from binary_d WHERE c=10;
+-----------+
| length(c) |
+-----------+
|         2 |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)


＝＝＝字符串类型
＝＝＝ENUM类型即枚举类型、集合类型SET测试
字段的值只能在给定范围中选择
常见的是单选按钮和复选框
enum  单选      只能在给定的范围内选一个值，如性别 sex 男male/女female
set   多选    在给定的范围内可以选择一个或一个以上的值（爱好1,爱好2,爱好3...）
表school.student3                                                            
姓名  name    varchar(50)                                             
性别  sex     enum('m','FROM')                                                
爱好  hobby   set('music','book','game','disc')                   

mysql> use school
mysql> create table student3(
    -> name varchar(50),
    -> sex enum('m','FROM'),
    -> hobby set('music','book','game','disc')
    -> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.31 sec)

mysql> desc student3;
+-------+-----------------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type                              | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-----------------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| name  | varchar(50)                       | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sex   | enum('m','FROM')                     | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| hobby | set('music','book','game','disc') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-----------------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into student3 values
    -> ('tom','m','book,game');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT * from student3;
+------+------+-----------+
| name | sex  | hobby     |
+------+------+-----------+
| tom  | boy  | book,game | 
+------+------+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>  insert into student3 values ('jack','m','play');
ERROR 1265 (01000): Data truncated for column 'hobby' at row 1


mysql> show create table student3\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
       Table: student3
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `student3` (
  `name` varchar(50) default NULL,
  `sex` enum('m','FROM') default NULL,
  `hobby` set('music','book','game','disc') default NULL
) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
========================================================

MySQL约束

约束条件                              说明
- NULL                   标识是否允许为空，默认为NULL。
- NOT NULL                   标识该字段不能为空，可以修改。
- UNIQUE KEY  (UK)         标识该字段的值是唯一的，可以为空，一个表中可以有多个UNIQUE KEY
- DEFAULT                        为该字段设置默认值
- UNSIGNED               无符号，正数
- PRIMARY KEY (PK)         标识该字段为该表的主键，可以唯一的标识记录，不可以为空
- AUTO_INCREMENT             标识该字段的值自动增长（整数类型，而且为主键）
- UNIQUE + NOT NULL
- FOREIGN KEY (FK)         标识该字段为该表的外键，实现表与表（父表主键/子表1外键/子表2外键）之间的关联

not null default例子 
mysql> create table t7 (id int not null default 8);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> desc t7;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11) | NO   |     | 8       |       |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into t7 values();
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT *  from t7;
+----+
| id |
+----+
|  8 |
+----+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into t7 values(NULL);
ERROR 1048 (23000): Column 'id' cannot be null


auto_increment例子      
自增键，每张表只能一个字段为自增
mysql> create table t8(id int unique auto_increment,name char(10));
mysql> desc t8;
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type     | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id    | int(11)  | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name  | char(10) | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into  t8 (name) values("newrain");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> SELECT *  from t8;
+----+----------+
| id | name     |
+----+----------+
|  1 | newrain |
+----+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into  t8 (name) values("ehome");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT *  from t8;
+----+----------+
| id | name     |
+----+----------+
|  1 | newrain  |
|  2 | ehome    |
+----+----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)



default例子：
mysql> create table db1.student4 (
    -> id int not null,
    -> name varchar(50) not null,
    -> sex enum('m','FROM') default 'm' not null,
    -> age int unsigned default 18 not null,
    -> hobby set('music','disc','dance','book') default 'book,dance');

mysql> desc db1.student4;
+-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+
| Field | Type                               | Null | Key | Default    | Extra |
+-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+
| id    | int(11)                            | NO   |     | NULL       |       |
| name  | varchar(50)                        | NO   |     | NULL       |       |
| sex   | enum('m','FROM')                      | NO   |     | m          |       |
| age   | int(10) unsigned                   | NO   |     | 18         |       |
| hobby | set('music','disc','dance','book') | YES  |     | dance,book |       |
+-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)


mysql> insert into student4 values (1,'jack','m',20,'book');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT *  from student4;
+----+----------+-----+-----+------------+
| id | name     | sex | age | hobby      |
+----+----------+-----+-----+------------+
| 12 | newrain | m   |  18 | dance,book |
+----+----------+-----+-----+------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)


mysql> insert into student4 (id,name) values (12,"newrain");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> SELECT *  from student4;
+----+----------+-----+-----+------------+
| id | name     | sex | age | hobby      |
+----+----------+-----+-----+------------+
| 12 | newrain | m   |  18 | dance,book |
|  1 | jack     | m   |  20 | book       |
+----+----------+-----+-----+------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into student4 values (3,NULL,'m',22,'book');
ERROR 1048 (23000): Column 'name' cannot be null


unique例子      unique（key）    唯一的
第一种写法：
mysql> create table department1(
    -> dept_id INT,
    -> dept_name varchar(30) unique，
    -> comment varchar(50)
    -> );
第二种写法：    
mysql> create table department1(
    -> dept_id INT,
    -> dept_name varchar(30) unique，
    -> comment varchar(50)，
    -> UNIQUE(dept_name)
    -> );

mysql> desc department1;
+-----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field     | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| dept_id   | int(11)     | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| dept_name | varchar(30) | YES  | UNI | NULL    |       |
| comment   | varchar(50) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into department1 values (1,'zhangsan','yyy');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into department1 values (1,'zhangsan','yyy');
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry 'zhangsan' for key 'dept_name'
mysql> insert into department1 values (1,'wangsi','yyy');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)


primary key（key）   
每张表里只能有一个主键   
不能为空，而且唯一    
mysql> use db1;
mysql> create table t7(hostname char(20) primary key,ip char(150));
mysql> create table t9(hostname char(20),ip char(150),primary key(hostname));

mysql> alter table t7  drop  primary key;   //删除主键
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.24 sec)
Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

联合主键(有一个主键不一样即可)     
mysql> create table t10(hostname char(20),ip char(150),primary key(hostname,ip));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> insert into t10 values ("hah","ksk");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into t10 values ("hah","ksk");
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry 'hah-ksk' for key 'PRIMARY'
mysql> insert into t10 values ("hah","ks");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into t10 values ("ha","ks");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)


索引和外键（拓展）
index(key)
索引   优化查询速度
mysql> create table t105(hostname char(20) primary key,ip char(150),index dizhi(ip));
 //添加索引到列名ip，索引名为dizhi

mysql> create index dizhi on t105(ip);  //单独创建索引
mysql> drop index dizhi on t105;        //删除index索引
mysql> alter table t101  drop  index dizhi;   //删除index索引

外键foreign key (key)
mysql> create table t1(id int,manager char(10) primary key) engine = innodb；
mysql> create table t2(id int,admin char(10),foreign key (admin) references  t1 (manager)) engine = innodb ；