一、device
二、memory map
具体寄存器映射详见 STM32F4X7 手册
三、启动流程
1、上电启动：机器上电从 0 地址启动
用户可以通过拨码选择启动介质。根据启动模式的不同（用户闪存、系统闪存和SRAM），将其映射到0x0的低端地址。
系统复位后，CPU 首先读取向量表中前两个字（MSP+复位向量）。复位向量表示程序执行的起始地址。
四、软硬件设计
1、中断向量表
地址 编号 值
0x00 0 msp 初值
0x04 1 复位向量地址
0x08 2 NMI 异常处理程序入口
0x0c 3 硬 fault 异常处理程序入口
... ...
0x40 ... 16~255 IRQ(1~239)中断处理程序入口
2、初始化流程：startup_stm32f407xx.s
; 初始化堆栈指针 SP
; 初始化程序计数器指针 PC
; 设置堆、栈的大小
; 设置中断向量表的入口地址
; 调用 SystemIni() 函数配置 STM32 的系统时钟
; 设置 C库的分支入口“__main”（最终用来调用 main 函数）
Stack_Size EQU 0x400 ;定义栈的大小1K
AREA STACK, NOINIT, READWRITE, ALIGN=3 ;AREA 定义栈段（STACK），不初始化，可读写，2^3=8字节对齐
Stack_Mem SPACE Stack_Size ;SPACE 是为栈分配空间，开辟栈空间大小为0x400
__initial_sp ;__initial_sp 是个标号，这个标号指向栈的栈顶
; <h> Heap Configuration
; <o> Heap Size (in Bytes) <0x0-0xFFFFFFFF:8>
; </h>
Heap_Size EQU 0x200 ;定义堆的大小 512 字节
AREA HEAP, NOINIT, READWRITE, ALIGN=3 ;处定义堆段（HEAP），不初始化，可读写，8字节对齐
__heap_base ;堆的起始地址
Heap_Mem SPACE Heap_Size ;开始分配堆的空间
__heap_limit ;堆的结束地址
PRESERVE8
THUMB
; Vector Table Mapped to Address 0 at Reset
AREA RESET, DATA, READONLY ;定义只读数据段（DATA）存放中断向量表
;RESET 表示将该段放在可执行文件最前端的 0 地址。此时 0 地址存放 __initial_sp
EXPORT __Vectors ;声明全局标号__Vectors，该标号可在其它的文件中引用
EXPORT __Vectors_End
EXPORT __Vectors_Size
;DCD指令以字为单位分配内存。4字节对齐，并初始化这些内存。
;在向量表中，DCD 分配了一堆内存，并且初始化为中断向量入口地址。
__Vectors DCD __initial_sp ; Top of Stack 存放__initial_sp，也就是堆栈栈顶的地址
DCD Reset_Handler ; Reset Handler
DCD NMI_Handler ; NMI Handler
DCD HardFault_Handler ; Hard Fault Handler
DCD MemManage_Handler ; MPU Fault Handler
DCD BusFault_Handler ; Bus Fault Handler
DCD UsageFault_Handler ; Usage Fault Handler
DCD 0 ; Reserved
DCD 0 ; Reserved
DCD 0 ; Reserved
DCD 0 ; Reserved
DCD SVC_Handler ; SVCall Handler
DCD DebugMon_Handler ; Debug Monitor Handler
DCD 0 ; Reserved
DCD PendSV_Handler ; PendSV Handler
DCD SysTick_Handler ; SysTick Handler
; External Interrupts
DCD WWDG_IRQHandler ; Window WatchDog
DCD PVD_IRQHandler ; PVD through EXTI Line detection
DCD TAMP_STAMP_IRQHandler ; Tamper and TimeStamps through the EXTI line
DCD RTC_WKUP_IRQHandler ; RTC Wakeup through the EXTI line
DCD FLASH_IRQHandler ; FLASH
DCD RCC_IRQHandler ; RCC
DCD EXTI0_IRQHandler ; EXTI Line0
DCD EXTI1_IRQHandler ; EXTI Line1
DCD EXTI2_IRQHandler ; EXTI Line2
DCD EXTI3_IRQHandler ; EXTI Line3
DCD EXTI4_IRQHandler ; EXTI Line4
DCD DMA1_Stream0_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Stream 0
DCD DMA1_Stream1_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Stream 1
DCD DMA1_Stream2_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Stream 2
DCD DMA1_Stream3_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Stream 3
DCD DMA1_Stream4_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Stream 4
DCD DMA1_Stream5_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Stream 5
DCD DMA1_Stream6_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Stream 6
DCD ADC_IRQHandler ; ADC1, ADC2 and ADC3s
DCD CAN1_TX_IRQHandler ; CAN1 TX
DCD CAN1_RX0_IRQHandler ; CAN1 RX0
DCD CAN1_RX1_IRQHandler ; CAN1 RX1
DCD CAN1_SCE_IRQHandler ; CAN1 SCE
DCD EXTI9_5_IRQHandler ; External Line[9:5]s
DCD TIM1_BRK_TIM9_IRQHandler ; TIM1 Break and TIM9
DCD TIM1_UP_TIM10_IRQHandler ; TIM1 Update and TIM10
DCD TIM1_TRG_COM_TIM11_IRQHandler ; TIM1 Trigger and Commutation and TIM11
DCD TIM1_CC_IRQHandler ; TIM1 Capture Compare
DCD TIM2_IRQHandler ; TIM2
DCD TIM3_IRQHandler ; TIM3
DCD TIM4_IRQHandler ; TIM4
DCD I2C1_EV_IRQHandler ; I2C1 Event
DCD I2C1_ER_IRQHandler ; I2C1 Error
DCD I2C2_EV_IRQHandler ; I2C2 Event
DCD I2C2_ER_IRQHandler ; I2C2 Error
DCD SPI1_IRQHandler ; SPI1
DCD SPI2_IRQHandler ; SPI2
DCD USART1_IRQHandler ; USART1
DCD USART2_IRQHandler ; USART2
DCD USART3_IRQHandler ; USART3
DCD EXTI15_10_IRQHandler ; External Line[15:10]s
DCD RTC_Alarm_IRQHandler ; RTC Alarm (A and B) through EXTI Line
DCD OTG_FS_WKUP_IRQHandler ; USB OTG FS Wakeup through EXTI line
DCD TIM8_BRK_TIM12_IRQHandler ; TIM8 Break and TIM12
DCD TIM8_UP_TIM13_IRQHandler ; TIM8 Update and TIM13
DCD TIM8_TRG_COM_TIM14_IRQHandler ; TIM8 Trigger and Commutation and TIM14
DCD TIM8_CC_IRQHandler ; TIM8 Capture Compare
DCD DMA1_Stream7_IRQHandler ; DMA1 Stream7
DCD FMC_IRQHandler ; FMC
DCD SDIO_IRQHandler ; SDIO
DCD TIM5_IRQHandler ; TIM5
DCD SPI3_IRQHandler ; SPI3
DCD UART4_IRQHandler ; UART4
DCD UART5_IRQHandler ; UART5
DCD TIM6_DAC_IRQHandler ; TIM6 and DAC1&2 underrun errors
DCD TIM7_IRQHandler ; TIM7
DCD DMA2_Stream0_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Stream 0
DCD DMA2_Stream1_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Stream 1
DCD DMA2_Stream2_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Stream 2
DCD DMA2_Stream3_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Stream 3
DCD DMA2_Stream4_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Stream 4
DCD ETH_IRQHandler ; Ethernet
DCD ETH_WKUP_IRQHandler ; Ethernet Wakeup through EXTI line
DCD CAN2_TX_IRQHandler ; CAN2 TX
DCD CAN2_RX0_IRQHandler ; CAN2 RX0
DCD CAN2_RX1_IRQHandler ; CAN2 RX1
DCD CAN2_SCE_IRQHandler ; CAN2 SCE
DCD OTG_FS_IRQHandler ; USB OTG FS
DCD DMA2_Stream5_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Stream 5
DCD DMA2_Stream6_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Stream 6
DCD DMA2_Stream7_IRQHandler ; DMA2 Stream 7
DCD USART6_IRQHandler ; USART6
DCD I2C3_EV_IRQHandler ; I2C3 event
DCD I2C3_ER_IRQHandler ; I2C3 error
DCD OTG_HS_EP1_OUT_IRQHandler ; USB OTG HS End Point 1 Out
DCD OTG_HS_EP1_IN_IRQHandler ; USB OTG HS End Point 1 In
DCD OTG_HS_WKUP_IRQHandler ; USB OTG HS Wakeup through EXTI
DCD OTG_HS_IRQHandler ; USB OTG HS
DCD DCMI_IRQHandler ; DCMI
DCD 0 ; Reserved
DCD HASH_RNG_IRQHandler ; Hash and Rng
DCD FPU_IRQHandler ; FPU
__Vectors_End
__Vectors_Size EQU __Vectors_End - __Vectors
AREA |.text|, CODE, READONLY ;.text 一般代表代码段，这里就是定义一段代码段
; Reset handler
Reset_Handler PROC ;PROC 是子程序定义伪指令。等于定义了一个函数，函数名为 Reset_Handler
EXPORT Reset_Handler [WEAK] ;导出弱定义符号 Reset_Handler 供全局使用
IMPORT SystemInit ;表明后导入的函数在外部定义
IMPORT __main
LDR R0, =SystemInit ;复位子程序是系统上电后第一个执行的程序，调用 SystemInit 函数初始化系统时钟
BLX R0 ;跳转到 R0 运行函数 SystemInit。初始化时钟、FPU、外存等设置
LDR R0, =__main ;__main 是一个标准的 C 库函数，初始化用户堆栈，并在函数的最后调用 main 函数
BX R0
ENDP
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