基于VHDL语言的状态机(FSM)设计
状态机(Finite State Machine,FSM)
状态机的组成:如图所示
状态机的种类:
- Mealy型:当前状态、当前输入相关
- Moore型:仅当前状态相关
- VHDL代码结构:
- 时序逻辑部分:process内部
- 组合逻辑部分: 在使用FSM方式设计VHDL代码时,通常会在结构体的开始部分插入一个用户自定义的枚举数据类型,其中包含所有可能出现的电路状态。
设计风格1
一种结构清晰、易于实现的FSM设计风格:
- FSM中的时序逻辑部分和组合逻辑部分分别独立设计;
- 定义一个枚举数据类型,内部包含所有FSM需要的状态;
FSM中时序逻辑部分的设计特点:
- 确定的输入/输出端口
- 典型的模板可供使用
- 标准的设计
- 寄存器数目少:默认的编码方式下,log2n,N表示状态数,表现为位宽
------------lower section---------------
process (clock, reset)
begin
if (reset = '1‘) then
pr_state <= state0;
elsif (clock’event and clock=‘1’) then
pr_state <= nx_state;
end if;
end process;
FSM中组合逻辑部分的设计特点:
- 并发代码、顺序代码皆可;
- 顺序代码方式的设计模板;
- process的敏感信号列表;
- 完整列出IN/OUT组合;
- 无边沿赋值,无寄存器生成;
------------upper section---------------
process (input, pr_state)
begin
case pr_state is
when state0=> //多个条件转移分支
if (input=...) then
output <= <value>;
nx_state<=state1;
else ....;
end if;
when state1=>
if (input=...) then
output <= <value>;
nx_state<=state2;
else ....;
end if;
......
end case;
end process;
状态机模板
library ieee;
use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;
entity <entity_name> is
port (input: in <data_type>;
reset, clock: in std_logic;
output: out <data_type>);
end <entity_name>;
architecture <arch_name> of <entity_name> is
type state is (state0, state1, state2, state3, ...);
signal pr_state, nx_state: state;
begin
------------lower section---------------
process (clock, reset)
begin
if (reset = '1') then
pr_state <= state0;
elsif (clock'event and clock='1') then
pr_state <= nx_state;
end if;
end process;
------------upper section---------------
process (input, pr_state)
begin
case pr_state is
when state0=>
if (input=...) then
output <= <value>;
nx_state<=state1;
else ....;
end if;
when state1=>
if (input=...) then
output <= <value>;
nx_state<=state2;
else ....;
end if;
......
end case;
end process;
end <arch_name>
设计风格2
在很多应用中(如波形整齐、流水线技术等),需要同步的寄存器输出,即需先使用寄存器存储起来,然后在时钟边沿时才进行更新,如图b:
状态机模板—(使用辅助信号如temp)
library ieee;
use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;
entity <entity_name> is
port (input: in <data_type>;
reset, clock: in std_logic;
output: out <data_type>);
end <entity_name>;
architecture <arch_name> of <entity_name> is
type state is (state0, state1, state2, state3, ...);
signal pr_state, nx_state: state;
signal temp: <data_type>;
begin
------------lower section---------------
process (clock, reset)
begin
if (reset = '1') then
pr_state <= state0;
elsif (clock'event and clock='1') then
output<=temp;
pr_state <= nx_state;
end if;
end process;
------------upper section---------------
process (pr_state) ----Mealy型状态机
begin
case pr_state is
when state0=>
temp <= <value>;
if (condition) then nx_state<=state1;
....;
end if;
when state1=>
temp <= <value>;
if (condition) then nx_state<=state2;
....;
end if;
......
end case;
end process;
end <arch_name>
--注:temp信号将输出结果存储起来,只有当所需时钟边沿到来时才被赋值给输出端口
软件说明:ModelSimSetup-13.1.0.162,QuartusSetup-13.1.0.162。
FSM功能描述:
建立工程:
第一步:打开Quartus软件。
第二步:点击New Project Wizard -> next.
第三步:选择工程文件的存放位置,输入工程名 -> next -> next。
第四步:在family栏选择芯片型号-Cyclone IV E,在Name栏选择EP4CE115F29C7,选择完之后点击next。(如果不进行硬件调试时,此处默认即可)
第五步:检查工程有没有建错,点击完成。如下图:
程序设计:
状态机顶层文件设计(设计风格一):
--文件名:simple_fsm.vhd 应与工程名保持一致:
library ieee;
use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;
entity simple_fsm is
port ( a, b, d, rst, clk: in BIT;
x: out BIT);
end simple_fsm;
architecture Fsm of simple_fsm is
type state is (stateA, stateB);
signal pr_state, nx_state: state;
begin
------------lower section---------------
process (clk, rst)
begin
if (rst = '1') then
pr_state <= stateA;
elsif (clk'event and clk='1') then
pr_state <= nx_state;
end if;
end process;
------------upper section---------------
process ( a, b, d, pr_state)
begin
case pr_state is
when stateA=>
x <=a;
if (d='1') then nx_state<=stateB;
else nx_state<=stateA;
end if;
when stateB=>
x<=b;
if (d='1') then nx_state<=stateA;
else nx_state<=stateB;
end if;
end case;
end process;
end Fsm;
状态机顶层文件设计(设计风格二):
library ieee;
use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;
entity simple_fsm1 is
port ( a, b, d, rst, clk: in BIT;
x: out BIT);
end simple_fsm1;
architecture simple_fsm of simple_fsm1 is
type state is (stateA, stateB);
signal pr_state, nx_state: state;
signal temp: BIT;
begin
------------lower section---------------
process (clk, rst)
begin
if (rst = '1') then
pr_state <= stateA;
elsif (clk'event and clk='1') then
pr_state <= nx_state;
x<=temp;
end if;
end process;
------------upper section---------------
process ( a, b, d, pr_state)
begin
case pr_state is
when stateA=>
temp<=a;
if (d='1') then nx_state<=stateB;
else nx_state<=stateA;
end if;
when stateB=>
temp<=b;
if (d='1') then nx_state<=stateA;
else nx_state<=stateB;
end if;
end case;
end process;
end simple_fsm;
文件仿真(这里采用modelsim仿真波形):
- 选择File-> New -> Verification/Debugging Files ->University Program VWF。
2.打开测试文件。(右键点击添加端口,对输入信号初始化,赋值。)
设计风格1:
设计风格2:
3.仿真结果:
设计风格1:
设计风格2:
逻辑电路图:
显示编译成功后,选择菜单栏 Tools –>Netlist Viewers –>RTL Viewer 显示逻辑电路图
设计风格1:
设计风格2: