说明:本文源代码来源于MACHINE LEARNING 2022 SPRING课程,我只是针对源代码进行了一些加工处理。感谢互联网,让我们能免费接触到这些优秀的课程。
前置知识
- 什么是回归模型?简单说就是模型的输出是连续的,如概率大小等
目标
- 借助DNN(Deep Neural Networks)网络解决一个回归问题
- 理解基本的DNN训练技巧,如超参数的微调、特征选取、正则化
- 根据美国某州过去五天中前四天的调查结果,预测第五天新冠测试阳性的病例数
任务描述
- COVID-19情况预测
- 数据来源:Delphi group@CMU 自2020年4月以来,通过FaceBook进行的每日调查
- 根据美国特定州最近5天的调查结果,预测第5天的新确诊患者比率
数据组成
- 州代码(37个州,已编码成独热向量)
- 独热向量:仅有一个元素置为1,而其它元素均置为0的向量。在深度学习中常用于编码离散值
- COVID相似症状(4组)
- 行为指标(8组)
- 心理健康指标(3组)
- 阳性病例(我们想预测的数据)
性能指标
- Mean Squared Error(MSE)
- M S E = 1 N ∑ i = 1 N ( y i − y ~ i ) 2 MSE=\frac{1}{N}\sum_{i=1}^{N}(y_i-\tilde{y}_i)^2 MSE=N1∑i=1N(yi−y~i)2
- y i y_i yi代表Ground truth, y ~ i \tilde{y}_i y~i代表模型输出的预测值
实现思路
源码解析
基础部分
导包
# Numerical Operations
import math
import numpy as np
# Reading/Writing Data
import pandas as pd
import os
import csv
# For Progress Bar
from tqdm import tqdm
# Pytorch
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.utils.data import Dataset, DataLoader, random_split
# For plotting learning curve
from torch.utils.tensorboard import SummaryWriter
功能函数
def same_seed(seed):
'''Fixes random number generator seeds for reproducibility.'''
# A bool that, if True, causes cuDNN to only use deterministic convolution algorithms.
# cudnn: 是经GPU加速的深度神经网络基元库。cuDNN可大幅优化标准例程(例如用于前向传播和反向传播的卷积层、池化层、归一化层和激活层)的实施。
torch.backends.cudnn.deterministic = True
# A bool that, if True, causes cuDNN to benchmark multiple convolution algorithms and select the fastest.
torch.backends.cudnn.benchmark = False
# 用于生成指定的随机数
np.random.seed(seed)
# Sets the seed for generating random numbers.
torch.manual_seed(seed)
if torch.cuda.is_available():
# Sets the seed for generating random numbers for the current GPU.
# It’s safe to call this function if CUDA is not available; in that case, it is silently ignored.
torch.cuda.manual_seed_all(seed)
def train_valid_split(data_set, valid_ratio, seed):
'''Split provided training data into training set and validation set'''
valid_set_size = int(valid_ratio * len(data_set))
train_set_size = len(data_set) - valid_set_size
# Randomly split a dataset into non-overlapping new datasets of given lengths.
# Optionally fix the generator for reproducible results
train_set, valid_set = random_split(data_set, [train_set_size, valid_set_size], generator=torch.Generator().manual_seed(seed))
return np.array(train_set), np.array(valid_set)
def predict(test_loader, model, device):
model.eval() # Set your model to evaluation mode.
preds = []
for x in tqdm(test_loader):
x = x.to(device)
with torch.no_grad():
pred = model(x)
preds.append(pred.detach().cpu())
preds = torch.cat(preds, dim=0).numpy()
return preds
数据
数据的下载
# 下面这些是从谷歌云盘上下载数据到当前目录下
!gdown --id '1kLSW_-cW2Huj7bh84YTdimGBOJaODiOS' --output covid.train.csv
!gdown --id '1iiI5qROrAhZn-o4FPqsE97bMzDEFvIdg' --output covid.test.csv
数据的预处理(特征选取、数据划分)
def select_feat(train_data, valid_data, test_data, select_all=True):
'''Selects useful features to perform regression'''
y_train, y_valid = train_data[:,-1], valid_data[:,-1]
raw_x_train, raw_x_valid, raw_x_test = train_data[:,:-1], valid_data[:,:-1], test_data
if select_all:
feat_idx = list(range(raw_x_train.shape[1]))
else:
feat_idx = [0,1,2,3,4] # TODO: Select suitable feature columns.
return raw_x_train[:,feat_idx], raw_x_valid[:,feat_idx], raw_x_test[:,feat_idx], y_train, y_valid
# Set seed for reproducibility
same_seed(config['seed'])
# train_data size: 2699 x 118 (id + 37 states + 16 features x 5 days)
# test_data size: 1078 x 117 (without last day's positive rate)
train_data, test_data = pd.read_csv('./covid.train.csv').values, pd.read_csv('./covid.test.csv').values
train_data, valid_data = train_valid_split(train_data, config['valid_ratio'], config['seed'])
# Print out the data size.
print(f"""train_data size: {train_data.shape}
valid_data size: {valid_data.shape}
test_data size: {test_data.shape}""")
# Select features
x_train, x_valid, x_test, y_train, y_valid = select_feat(train_data, valid_data, test_data, config['select_all'])
# Print out the number of features.
print(f'number of features: {x_train.shape[1]}')
数据加载器的构造(DataSet、DataLoader)
class COVID19Dataset(Dataset):
'''
x: Features.
y: Targets, if none, do prediction.
'''
def __init__(self, x, y=None):
if y is None:
self.y = y
else:
self.y = torch.FloatTensor(y)
self.x = torch.FloatTensor(x)
def __getitem__(self, idx):
if self.y is None:
return self.x[idx]
else:
return self.x[idx], self.y[idx]
def __len__(self):
return len(self.x)
train_dataset, valid_dataset, test_dataset = COVID19Dataset(x_train, y_train), \
COVID19Dataset(x_valid, y_valid), \
COVID19Dataset(x_test)
# Pytorch data loader loads pytorch dataset into batches.
train_loader = DataLoader(train_dataset, batch_size=config['batch_size'], shuffle=True, pin_memory=True)
valid_loader = DataLoader(valid_dataset, batch_size=config['batch_size'], shuffle=True, pin_memory=True)
test_loader = DataLoader(test_dataset, batch_size=config['batch_size'], shuffle=False, pin_memory=True)
网络结构
结构的实现
class My_Model(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, input_dim):
super(My_Model, self).__init__()
# TODO: modify model's structure, be aware of dimensions.
self.layers = nn.Sequential(
nn.Linear(input_dim, 16),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.Linear(16, 8),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.Linear(8, 1)
)
def forward(self, x):
x = self.layers(x)
x = x.squeeze(1) # (B, 1) -> (B)
return x
训练与预测
训练函数
def trainer(train_loader, valid_loader, model, config, device):
criterion = nn.MSELoss(reduction='mean') # Define your loss function, do not modify this.
# Define your optimization algorithm.
# TODO: Please check https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/optim.html to get more available algorithms.
# TODO: L2 regularization (optimizer(weight decay...) or implement by your self).
optimizer = torch.optim.SGD(model.parameters(), lr=config['learning_rate'], momentum=0.9)
# ?
writer = SummaryWriter() # Writer of tensoboard.
if not os.path.isdir('./models'):
os.mkdir('./models') # Create directory of saving models.
n_epochs, best_loss, step, early_stop_count = config['n_epochs'], math.inf, 0, 0
for epoch in range(n_epochs):
model.train() # Set your model to train mode.
loss_record = []
# tqdm is a package to visualize your training progress.
train_pbar = tqdm(train_loader, position=0, leave=True)
for x, y in train_pbar:
optimizer.zero_grad() # Set gradient to zero.
x, y = x.to(device), y.to(device) # Move your data to device.
pred = model(x)
loss = criterion(pred, y)
loss.backward() # Compute gradient(backpropagation).
optimizer.step() # Update parameters.
step += 1
loss_record.append(loss.detach().item())
# Display current epoch number and loss on tqdm progress bar.
train_pbar.set_description(f'Epoch [{epoch+1}/{n_epochs}]')
train_pbar.set_postfix({'loss': loss.detach().item()})
mean_train_loss = sum(loss_record)/len(loss_record)
writer.add_scalar('Loss/train', mean_train_loss, step)
model.eval() # Set your model to evaluation mode.
loss_record = []
for x, y in valid_loader:
x, y = x.to(device), y.to(device)
with torch.no_grad():
pred = model(x)
loss = criterion(pred, y)
loss_record.append(loss.item())
mean_valid_loss = sum(loss_record)/len(loss_record)
print(f'Epoch [{epoch+1}/{n_epochs}]: Train loss: {mean_train_loss:.4f}, Valid loss: {mean_valid_loss:.4f}')
writer.add_scalar('Loss/valid', mean_valid_loss, step)
if mean_valid_loss < best_loss:
best_loss = mean_valid_loss
torch.save(model.state_dict(), config['save_path']) # Save your best model
print('Saving model with loss {:.3f}...'.format(best_loss))
early_stop_count = 0
else:
early_stop_count += 1
if early_stop_count >= config['early_stop']:
print('\nModel is not improving, so we halt the training session.')
return
训练参数的设置
device = 'cuda' if torch.cuda.is_available() else 'cpu'
config = {
'seed': 5201314, # Your seed number, you can pick your lucky number. :)
'select_all': True, # Whether to use all features.
'valid_ratio': 0.2, # validation_size = train_size * valid_ratio
'n_epochs': 3000, # Number of epochs.
'batch_size': 256,
'learning_rate': 1e-5,
'early_stop': 400, # If model has not improved for this many consecutive epochs, stop training.
'save_path': './models/model.ckpt' # Your model will be saved here.
}
开始训练
model = My_Model(input_dim=x_train.shape[1]).to(device) # put your model and data on the same computation device.
trainer(train_loader, valid_loader, model, config, device)
测试函数(保存测试结果)
def save_pred(preds, file):
''' Save predictions to specified file '''
with open(file, 'w') as fp:
writer = csv.writer(fp)
writer.writerow(['id', 'tested_positive'])
for i, p in enumerate(preds):
writer.writerow([i, p])
开始测试
model = My_Model(input_dim=x_train.shape[1]).to(device)
model.load_state_dict(torch.load(config['save_path']))
preds = predict(test_loader, model, device)
save_pred(preds, 'pred.csv')