IELTS学习（005） - 单词（学校教育篇）

01 引言

We are just an advanced breed of monkeys on a minor planet of a very average star.But we can understand the universe. That makes us something very special. - Stephen Hawking
我们只是一颗寻常恒星的一颗小小行星上的一种高等猴子。但是我们可以理解宇宙，这使我们非常特别。—— 史蒂芬•霍金

02 词汇目标

• education | primary | secondar
• university | college | institute | academy
• learn | study | acquire | knowledge
• experties | novice | recruit
• literate | illiteracy | numerate
• problem | issue | affair | controversial
• puzzle | riddle | obscure
• instil | cram | emphasise | enhance
• enable | inspire | motive | motivate
• stimulate | spur | impetus
• indulge | spoil | abuse
• intelligent | clever | smart | all-round
• genius | elite | idiot
• wisdom | wit | aptitude | capable
• excellent | outstanding | brilliant
• prestige | reputation | eminent | notoriou
• esteem | respect | diligent | painstakin
• skill | approach | scheme
• headmaster | principal | dean | faculty
• professor | scholar | scientist | mentor | tutor
• lecturer | assistant | candidate
• degree | qualify | certify | license | permit
• diploma | diplomat | ambassador
• pupil | graduate | ceremony
• bachelor | master | doctor
• fresher | sophomore | junior | senior | alumni
• campus | orientation | platform | coed
• register | roster | enrol | matriculation
• accommodation | dorm | dining hall | canteen
• laboratory | experiment | data | quantity
• library | literature | article | author
• tale | fiction | story | diary
• poetry | magazine | journal | coverage
• bibiography | encyclopedia | biography | documentary | serie
• record | file | profile
• draft | sketch | brochure | manual
• frame | index | catalogue | category
• inventory | content | context | list
• chapter | volume | reel
• subject | object | major | minor
• sociology | politics | economics
• marketing | accounting | audit | statistic
• psychology | philosophy | logic
• biology | physics | chemistry
• agriculture | logistics | geography | history
• engineering | mechanics | electronics
• maths | arithmetic | geometry | algebra | calculus
• plus | sum | total
• merger | equation | identical
• minus | substract | multiply
• divide | dividend | remainder | rational
• parameter | variable | even | odd | mean
• double | triple | quadruple | multiple
• maximum | minimum | approximately
• chart | graph | diagram | table | matrix
• rectangle | cube | angle | triangle | diagonal | straight
• circle | round | dot | sphere | cone
• extent | width | length
• decimal | per cent | proportion
• rate | ratio | fraction
• scale | ounce | density
• Fahrenheit | mercury | battery | volt
• radiate | emit | transparent | hollow
• ozone | gravity | friction | eccentric | displace
• boil | melt | dissolve
• rust | ferment | dilute | acid | noxious
• static | inert | inherent
• formula | component | compose | mixture |blend
• theory | empirical | practical
• doctrine | principle | discipline
• term | semester | timetable | schedule | deadline
• course | lesson | curriculum
• seminar | forum | syllabus | system
• rudimentary | basic | fundamental
• elementary | profound | superficial | surface
• compulsory | prerequisite | selective | elective
• assignment | submit | preview | review
• revise | inspect | consult
• skim | scan | scrutinise | recite | dictate
• examination | test | quiz | presentation
• plagiarise | copy | print
• thesis | essay | paper | dissertation | project
• heading | outset | outline
• point | gist | opinion | introduce
• reference | cite | elicit | quote
• extract | abstract | summary
• assume | presume | suppose
• hypothesis | postulate | speculate | predict
• perceive | detect | discern | recognise | consciou
• reckon | deem | imply | deliberate
• represent | insist | persist
• understand | comprehend | analyse
• diagnose | infer | deduce | conclude
• analogy | compare | contrast
• overlap | contradiction | disagree | differ
• diverse | nuance | inductive
• detail | thorough | example | instance
• confirm | demonstrate | illustrate | manifest | prov
• determine | decide | resolve
• survey | research | observe
• inquire | query | questionnair
• achieve | accomplish | attain
• credit | score | mark | grade
• rank | row | queue
• grant | praise | appreciate
• feedback | underestimate | overestimate
• apply | fellowship | scholarship | reward
• award | prize | fee

03 单词详解

参考：我的公众号《IELTS学习之路（06）-单词（学校教育篇）》

04 应用

三、应用

原文地址：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education

Education is a purposeful activity directed at achieving certain aims, such as transmitting knowledge or fostering skills and character traits. These aims may include the development of understanding, rationality, kindness, and honesty. Various researchers emphasize the role of critical thinking in order to distinguish education from indoctrination. Some theorists require that education results in an improvement of the student while others prefer a value-neutral definition of the term. In a slightly different sense, education may also refer, not to the process, but to the product of this process: the mental states and dispositions possessed by educated people. Education originated as the transmission of cultural heritage from one generation to the next. Today, educational goals increasingly encompass new ideas such as the liberation of learners, skills needed for modern society, empathy, and complex vocational skills.
Types of education are commonly divided into formal, non-formal, and informal education. Formal education takes place in education and training institutions, is usually structured by curricular aims and objectives, and learning is typically guided by a teacher. In most regions, formal education is compulsory up to a certain age and commonly divided into educational stages such as kindergarten, primary school and secondary school. Nonformal education occurs as addition or alternative to formal education. It may be structured according to educational arrangements, but in a more flexible manner, and usually takes place in community-based, workplace-based or civil society-based settings. Lastly, informal education occurs in daily life, in the family, any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts may be considered educational, whether unintentional or intentional. In practice there is a continuum from the highly formalized to the highly informalized, and informal learning can occur in all three settings. For instance, homeschooling can be classified as nonformal or informal, depending upon the structure.
Regardless of setting, educational methods include teaching, training, storytelling, discussion, and directed research. The methodology of teaching is called pedagogy. Education is supported by a variety of different philosophies, theories and empirical research agendas.
There are movements for education reforms, such as for improving quality and efficiency of education towards relevance in students’ lives and efficient problem solving in modern or future society at large, or for evidence-based education methodologies. A right to education has been recognized by some governments and the United Nations.For example, 24 January is the International Day of Education. At UN - level, several observance years and decades have been dedicated to education, such as 1970 International Education Year. Education is also one of the 17 Global Goals, where global initiatives aim at achieving Sustainable Development Goal 4, which promotes quality education for all.

有道翻译：

教育是一种有目的的活动，旨在达到某些目的，如传播知识或培养技能和性格特征。这些目标可能包括理解、理性、善良和诚实的发展。许多研究者强调批判性思维的作用，以区分教育和灌输。一些理论家要求教育导致学生的进步，而另一些理论家则倾向于对这一术语的价值中性定义。在稍微不同的意义上，教育也可以不是指过程，而是指这一过程的产物:受过教育的人所拥有的精神状态和气质。教育起源于文化遗产的一代一代的传承。今天，教育目标越来越多地包含诸如学习者的解放、现代社会所需的技能、共情和复杂的职业技能等新理念。

教育的类型通常分为正规教育、非正规教育和非正规教育。正规教育在教育和培训机构进行，通常由课程目标和目标构成，学习通常由老师指导。在大多数地区，正规教育在一定年龄之前是强制性的，通常分为教育阶段，如幼儿园、小学和中学。非正规教育是作为正规教育的补充或替代出现的。它的结构可以根据教育安排，但方式更为灵活，通常在以社区为基础、以工作场所为基础或以民间社会为基础的环境中进行。最后，非正式教育发生在日常生活中，在家庭中，任何对一个人的思维方式、感觉或行为方式有形成作用的经历都可以被认为是教育的，无论是无意的还是有意的。在实践中，有一个从高度正式到高度非正式的连续体，非正式学习可以发生在这三种情况下。例如，在家教育可以根据结构分为非正式和非正式两类。

无论环境如何，教育方法包括教学、培训、讲故事、讨论和定向研究。教学的方法论叫做教育学。教育由各种不同的哲学、理论和实证研究议程支持。

有一些教育改革的运动，例如提高教育的质量和效率，使其与学生的生活相关，并在现代或未来社会中有效地解决问题，或者采用循证教育方法。受教育的权利已经被一些政府和联合国所承认。例如，1月24日是国际教育日。在联合国一级，已有若干年和几十年的纪念活动致力于教育，例如1970年的国际教育年。教育也是17项全球目标之一，全球倡议旨在实现可持续发展目标4，即促进全民优质教育。