作为一个驱动工程师,每每遇到问题,总是抓耳挠腮,查找许久。是否有一些本质的特性,能让工作变得轻松? 如果有,那可能是对驱动本质的理解,对器件工作特性的熟悉,首先了解本质基于2.6.3内核的led驱动框架来分析,并记录。
以下是浏览led驱动的记录,首先按照驱动模块理解的惯例,先看看init函数
static int __init leds_init(void)
{
leds_class = class_create(THIS_MODULE, "leds");
if (IS_ERR(leds_class))
return PTR_ERR(leds_class);
leds_class->suspend = led_suspend;
leds_class->resume = led_resume;
leds_class->dev_attrs = led_class_attrs;
return 0;
}
函数 class_create() 创建一个新的类在"/sys"目录下,类名叫 ”leds”,并返回这个新生成的类。然后在对该类的的电源管理函数、类的属性做初始化。关于类的初始化,led 的定义是:
static struct device_attribute led_class_attrs[] = {
__ATTR(brightness, 0644, led_brightness_show, led_brightness_store),
__ATTR(max_brightness, 0444, led_max_brightness_show, NULL),
#ifdef CONFIG_LEDS_TRIGGERS
__ATTR(trigger, 0644, led_trigger_show, led_trigger_store),
#endif
__ATTR_NULL,
};
正如注释所陈述的那样,结构体 “device_attribute” 是用来导出设备属性的
/* interface for exporting device attributes */
struct device_attribute {
struct attribute attr;
ssize_t (*show)(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr,
char *buf);
ssize_t (*store)(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr,
const char *buf, size_t count);
};
对于一切设备皆文件的linux来说,设备的属性无非就是读写,所以,导出设备属性的结构体有读函数 [ssize_t (*show)(struct device *dev, struct_device_attribute *attr, chat *buf)] 和写函数 [ssize_t (*store)(struct device *dev, struct_device_attribute *attr, chat *buf, size_t count)]。其中 dev,对应要被操作的dev, attr 对应要读写的属性,buf对应需要设备做什么,具体的功能还需要设备驱动开发者实现。比如,输入1 或者on 对应led的亮,这里,1/on 就是 buf 的内容,dev 是led, 亮是attr。
结构体 struct attribute 是 用户的操作权限,由于linux是多文件系统(尽管嵌入式很多设备都是单用户——root),所有这个属性规定者不同用户、用户组对设备的访问权限。
看完init,接着看看exit函数
static void __exit leds_exit(void)
{
class_destroy(leds_class);
}
即为注销已经注册了的led类。
设备驱动接口函数:
(1)led 设备结构体
struct led_classdev {
const char *name;
int brightness;
int max_brightness;
int flags;
/* Lower 16 bits reflect status */
#define LED_SUSPENDED (1 << 0)
/* Upper 16 bits reflect control information */
#define LED_CORE_SUSPENDRESUME (1 << 16)
/* Set LED brightness level */
/* Must not sleep, use a workqueue if needed */
void (*brightness_set)(struct led_classdev *led_cdev,
enum led_brightness brightness);
/* Get LED brightness level */
enum led_brightness (*brightness_get)(struct led_classdev *led_cdev);
/* Activate hardware accelerated blink, delays are in
* miliseconds and if none is provided then a sensible default
* should be chosen. The call can adjust the timings if it can't
* match the values specified exactly. */
int (*blink_set)(struct led_classdev *led_cdev,
unsigned long *delay_on,
unsigned long *delay_off);
struct device *dev;
struct list_head node; /* LED Device list */
const char *default_trigger; /* Trigger to use */
#ifdef CONFIG_LEDS_TRIGGERS
/* Protects the trigger data below */
struct rw_semaphore trigger_lock;
struct led_trigger *trigger;
struct list_head trig_list;
void *trigger_data;
#endif
};
设备结构体体,是内核驱动开发者(开发总线、驱动架构者)开放给设备驱动工程师的设备接口,用以抽象出一个设备在内核中,或者用以连接设备驱动程序到内核驱动中的,从而使得应用开发者编写应用程序时,能准确无误的调用到驱动中相关的函数,从而操作硬件。比如 struct led_class中, 函数指针 “void (*brightness_set)(struct led_classdev *led_cdev, enum led_brightness brightness) ”是led驱动实现后,当用户空间操作前文所述的 store(写方法时),就会调用,调用关系如下:
static ssize_t led_brightness_store(struct device *dev,
struct device_attribute *attr, const char *buf, size_t size)
{
struct led_classdev *led_cdev = dev_get_drvdata(dev);
ssize_t ret = -EINVAL;
char *after;
unsigned long state = simple_strtoul(buf, &after, 10);
size_t count = after - buf;
if (isspace(*after))
count++;
if (count == size) {
ret = count;
if (state == LED_OFF)
led_trigger_remove(led_cdev);
led_set_brightness(led_cdev, state);
}
return ret;
}
static inline void led_set_brightness(struct led_classdev *led_cdev,
enum led_brightness value)
{
if (value > led_cdev->max_brightness)
value = led_cdev->max_brightness;
led_cdev->brightness = value;
if (!(led_cdev->flags & LED_SUSPENDED))
led_cdev->brightness_set(led_cdev, value);
}
关于 trigger 还没有接触过,猜想它的应用场景是诸如 当有设备接入,显示状态这一类的,比如网口的灯那种。
(2) 注册设备
int led_classdev_register(struct device *parent, struct led_classdev *led_cdev)
{
led_cdev->dev = device_create(leds_class, parent, 0, led_cdev,
"%s", led_cdev->name);
if (IS_ERR(led_cdev->dev))
return PTR_ERR(led_cdev->dev);
#ifdef CONFIG_LEDS_TRIGGERS
init_rwsem(&led_cdev->trigger_lock);
#endif
/* add to the list of leds */
down_write(&leds_list_lock);
list_add_tail(&led_cdev->node, &leds_list);
up_write(&leds_list_lock);
if (!led_cdev->max_brightness)
led_cdev->max_brightness = LED_FULL;
led_update_brightness(led_cdev);
#ifdef CONFIG_LEDS_TRIGGERS
led_trigger_set_default(led_cdev);
#endif
printk(KERN_DEBUG "Registered led device: %s\n",
led_cdev->name);
return 0;
}
首先调用 device_create ()创建设备、注册在sys下并返回。
(3)led设备注销
void led_classdev_unregister(struct led_classdev *led_cdev)
{
#ifdef CONFIG_LEDS_TRIGGERS
down_write(&led_cdev->trigger_lock);
if (led_cdev->trigger)
led_trigger_set(led_cdev, NULL);
up_write(&led_cdev->trigger_lock);
#endif
device_unregister(led_cdev->dev);
down_write(&leds_list_lock);
list_del(&led_cdev->node);
up_write(&leds_list_lock);
}
基本上来说,led的框架就这些,主要的是设备驱动的实现、读写方法的定义。深入分析就是内核机制的东西了。