什么是决策树/判定树(decision tree)
判定树是一个类似于流程图的树结构:其中,每个内部结点表示在一属性上的测试,
每个分支代表一个属性输出,而每个树叶结点代表类或类分布。树的顶层是根结点。
熵(entropy)概念
1948年,香农提出了 ”信息熵(entropy)“的概念
一条信息的信息量大小和它的不确定性有直接的关系,要搞清楚一件非常非常不确定
的事情,或者是我们一无所知的事情,需要了解大量信息==>信息量的度量就等于不确
定性的多少
例子:猜世界杯冠军,假如一无所知,猜多少次?
每个队夺冠的几率不是相等的
比特(bit)来衡量信息的多少,变量的不确定性越大,熵也就越大
决策树归纳算法 (ID3)
选择属性判断结点
信息获取量(Information Gain):Gain(A) = Info(D) - Infor_A(D)
通过A来作为节点分类获取了多少信息
类似,Gain(income) = 0.029, Gain(student) = 0.151, Gain(credit_rating)=0.048
所以,选择age作为第一个根节点
重复上述步骤
决策树的优点:
直观,便于理解,小规模数据集有效
决策树的缺点:
处理连续变量不好
类别较多时,错误增加的比较快
可操作规模性一般
用 sklearn 实现
from sklearn.feature_extraction import DictVectorizer
import csv
from sklearn import tree
from sklearn import preprocessing
# Read in the csv file and put features into list of dict and list of class label
allElectronicsData = open(r'/Users/xiaolian/Documents/deeplearning_code/01DTree/AllElectronics.csv', 'r')
reader = csv.reader(allElectronicsData)
headers = next(reader)
print(headers)
featureList = []
labelList = []
for row in reader:
labelList.append(row[len(row)-1])
rowDict = {}
for i in range(1, len(row)-1):
rowDict[headers[i]] = row[i]
featureList.append(rowDict)
print(featureList)
# Vetorize features
vec = DictVectorizer()
dummyX = vec.fit_transform(featureList) .toarray()
print("dummyX: " + str(dummyX))
print(vec.get_feature_names())
print("labelList: " + str(labelList))
# vectorize class labels
lb = preprocessing.LabelBinarizer()
dummyY = lb.fit_transform(labelList)
print("dummyY: " + str(dummyY))
# Using decision tree for classification
# clf = tree.DecisionTreeClassifier()
clf = tree.DecisionTreeClassifier(criterion='entropy')
clf = clf.fit(dummyX, dummyY)
print("clf: " + str(clf))
# Visualize model
with open("allElectronicInformationGainOri.dot", 'w') as f:
f = tree.export_graphviz(clf, feature_names=vec.get_feature_names(), out_file=f)
# predict a new row
oneRowX = dummyX[0, :]
print("oneRowX: " + str(oneRowX))
newRowX = oneRowX
newRowX[0] = 1
newRowX[2] = 0
print("newRowX: " + str(newRowX))
predictedY = clf.predict(newRowX)
print("predictedY: " + str(predictedY))
用 graphviz 打开 dot 文件