线性代数(Linear Algebra)转载

线性代数(Linear Algebra)这门学科大家并不陌生,如果有人还是觉得有点生疏,那么“行列式”、“矩阵”这些概念你总该还有印象。大学各个专业都会深浅不同地学习这门课,文科一般放在《大学数学》里,工科生一般在《线性代数》或《高等数学》中见到它,而我们数学系更多地是上《高等代数》这门课。线性代数之所以能同微积分一同挤进大学数学,就在于它模型的简单性和应用的广泛性。它不光是数学研究的一个基本工具,还是很多工商业学科的理论基础。

  但有意思的是,线性代数成为一门系统学科却还是20世纪初的事。在此之前,各种相关理论独立发展,然后产生交叉,最后在公理化和抽象代数的带动下,终于瓜熟蒂落,形成一套完整的学科。这其实也并不奇怪,它的成长经历和大部分数学学科一样,先是在具体应用中作为一种方法被提出来,然后逐渐从中提取出普遍性理论并形成学科。线性关系作为最简单的一种关系,它的模型和方法存在于很多地方,所以最初它们只是以不同的分支独立发展,而公理化的方法最终捕捉到了它们“线性”的共性,并利用“线性空间”的概念将它们串联起来。

  简单来说,“线性”就是变量间的“一次”、"正比例"关系,变量的变化率是恒定的。直观来讲,所有元素之间有式子(1)中的关系,其中kiki是系数。这样的关系实在太普遍,它哪怕在最古老的文明中大家都是驾轻就熟的。古人很早就开始解一些线性方程(组),并形成了一些实用的方法,我国的《九章算术》就给出解三元一次方程组的一般方法,它和多元线性方程组的“高斯消元法”本质上是一样的。

                                                                     y=k_{1}x_{1}+k_{2}x_{2}+\cdots +k_{n}x_{n}

 

  解多元线性方程组的过程中,莱布尼茨(Leibniz)最先使用了行列式表示低维方程的解,克莱姆(Cramer)则给出了一般方程组的解。这时的行列式还只是一种记号,仅仅用于方程组解的形式表示。此后,范德蒙(Vandermonde)将行列式独立出来,并研究了行列式的子式展开法,这标志着行列式作为一门学科的开始。而柯西(Cauchy)则对行列式进行了系统的研究,融合矩阵的概念并得出许多重要的结论,故柯西也被当做近代意义上行列式的创始人。

  虽然我们一般说“矩阵的行列式”,但其实矩阵概念的产生却晚于行列式。最初大家也只是形式上使用着这种结构(纵横排列),凯莱(Cayley)最先将矩阵用单个字母表示,这标志着人们开始接受了矩阵作为一个独立个体的存在,凯莱的成果也使它成为矩阵理论的创始人。行列式和矩阵大部分时候是独立发展的,它们的内容和方法关系也并不紧密,而最终却互相成就,结合在了一起。

                                                                          

                                                   Cauchy(1789-1857)                      Cayley(1821-1895)

  线性代数的另一个来源是解析几何,空间(平面)点的向量化,使得利用代数研究几何非常方便,空间元素的向量定义,使得讨论高维空间成为可能。其实广义的向量并不仅限于空间的讨论,它本质上只是普遍存在的线性关系的一种表示。即使在非线性的场合,也可以在局部用线性关系来逼近,这在计算数学中有着广泛的应用。另外人们还发现,要讨论向量空间的变换关系,最终还是会引出方程组和矩阵的讨论,由此我也决定从向量空间开启我们的线性之路。

  受到公理化思潮的影响,线性代数的很多基本概念也可以用抽象代数的语言来表示。既然我们已经学习过抽象代数,在行文中我也将不回避相关概念的引用,但其实只要你知道基本概念,就不会影响理解。这里我们相当于把线性代数作为抽象代数的一个分支来讨论,只不过这里研究的结构更为特殊而已。

  空间向量中还有一些具体的问题,一个是二次曲面(线)方程的分类,借助于矩阵理论可以将曲面(线)方程化简为最简形式,从而便于分类,这部分内容就是后面的二次型理论。另外一个是空间几何中长度、角度的概念需要扩展到一般的向量空间中,这部分内容将在最后简单介绍。多项式理论也是线性代数的基本工具,由于在抽象代数中已经以更高的视角讨论过,这里就不再阐述了。关于矩阵还有一些独立的分支学科,比如矩阵论、矩阵分析,这些内容其实与“线性”关系不大,我打算另开课题介绍。

本文转载网址:https://www.cnblogs.com/edward-bian/p/4871323.html

About the Author David C. Lay holds a B.A. from Aurora University (Illinois), and an M.A. and Ph.D. from the University of California at Los Angeles. David Lay has been an educator and research mathematician since 1966, mostly at the University of Maryland, College Park. He has also served as a visiting professor at the University of Amsterdam, the Free University in Amsterdam, and the University of Kaiserslautern, Germany. He has published more than 30 research articles on functional analysis and linear algebra. As a founding member of the NSF-sponsored Linear Algebra Curriculum Study Group, David Lay has been a leader in the current movement to modernize the linear algebra curriculum. Lay is also a coauthor of several mathematics texts, including Introduction to Functional Analysis with Angus E. Taylor, Calculus and Its Applications, with L. J. Goldstein and D. I. Schneider, and Linear Algebra Gems–Assets for Undergraduate Mathematics, with D. Carlson, C. R. Johnson, and A. D. Porter. David Lay has received four university awards for teaching excellence, including, in 1996, the title of Distinguished Scholar—Teacher of the University of Maryland. In 1994, he was given one of the Mathematical Association of America’s Awards for Distinguished College or University Teaching of Mathematics. He has been elected by the university students to membership in Alpha Lambda Delta National Scholastic Honor Society and Golden Key National Honor Society. In 1989, Aurora University conferred on him the Outstanding Alumnus award. David Lay is a member of the American Mathematical Society, the Canadian Mathematical Society, the International Linear Algebra Society, the Mathematical Association of America, Sigma Xi, and the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. Since 1992, he has served several terms on the national board of the Association of Christians in the Mathematical Sciences. Steven R. Lay began his teaching career at Aurora University (Illinois) in 1971, after earning an M.A. and a Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of California at Los Angeles. His career in mathematics was interrupted for eight years while serving as a missionary in Japan. Upon his return to the States in 1998, he joined the mathematics faculty at Lee University (Tennessee) and has been there ever since. Since then he has supported his brother David in refining and expanding the scope of this popular linear algebra text, including writing most of Chapters 8 and 9. Steven is also the author of three college-level mathematics texts: Convex Sets and Their Applications, Analysis with an Introduction to Proof, and Principles of Algebra. In 1985, Steven received the Excellence in Teaching Award at Aurora University. He and David, and their father, Dr. L. Clark Lay, are all distinguished mathematicians, and in 1989 they jointly received the Outstanding Alumnus award from their alma mater, Aurora University. In 2006, Steven was honored to receive the Excellence in Scholarship Award at Lee University. He is a member of the American Mathematical Society, the Mathematics Association of America, and the Association of Christians in the Mathematical Sciences. Judi J. McDonald joins the authorship team after working closely with David on the fourth edition. She holds a B.Sc. in Mathematics from the University of Alberta, and an M.A. and Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin. She is currently a professor at Washington State University. She has been an educator and research mathematician since the early 90s. She has more than 35 publications in linear algebra research journals. Several undergraduate and graduate students have written projects or theses on linear algebra under Judi’s supervision. She has also worked with the mathematics outreach project Math Central http://mathcentral.uregina.ca/ and continues to be passionate about mathematics education and outreach. Judi has received three teaching awards: two Inspiring Teaching awards at the University of Regina, and the Thomas Lutz College of Arts and Sciences Teaching Award at Washington State University. She has been an active member of the International Linear Algebra Society and the Association for Women in Mathematics throughout her career and has also been a member of the Canadian Mathematical Society, the American Mathematical Society, the Mathematical Association of America, and the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.
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