【HDLBits刷题】【Procedures】Alwaysblock2

For hardware synthesis, there are two types of always blocks that are relevant:

• Combinational: always @(*)
• Clocked: always @(posedge clk)

Clocked always blocks create a blob of combinational logic just like combinational always blocks, but also creates a set of flip-flops (or "registers") at the output of the blob of combinational logic. Instead of the outputs of the blob of logic being visible immediately, the outputs are visible only immediately after the next (posedge clk).

Blocking vs. Non-Blocking Assignment

There are three types of assignments in Verilog:

• Continuous assignments (assign x = y;). Can only be used when not inside a procedure ("always block").
• Procedural blocking assignment: (x = y;). Can only be used inside a procedure.
• Procedural non-blocking assignment: (x <= y;). Can only be used inside a procedure.

In a combinational always block, use blocking assignments. In a clocked always block, use non-blocking assignments. A full understanding of why is not particularly useful for hardware design and requires a good understanding of how Verilog simulators keep track of events. Not following this rule results in extremely hard to find errors that are both non-deterministic and differ between simulation and synthesized hardware.

A bit of practice

Build an XOR gate three ways, using an assign statement, a combinational always block, and a clocked always block. Note that the clocked always block produces a different circuit from the other two: There is a flip-flop so the output is delayed.

// synthesis verilog_input_version verilog_2001
module top_module(
    input clk,
    input a,
    input b,
    output wire out_assign,
    output reg out_always_comb,
    output reg out_always_ff   );
    assign out_assign = a ^ b;
    always@(*)
        out_always_comb = a ^ b;
    always@(posedge clk)
        out_always_ff = a ^ b;
endmodule

    （1）在Verilog module中的所有过程块（如initial块和always块）、连续赋值语句（如assign语句）和实例引用都是并行的。在同一module中这三者出现的先后顺序没有关系。

   （2）只有连续赋值语句assign和实例引用语句可以独立于过程块而存在于module的功能定义部分。

   （3）连续赋值assign语句独立于过程块，所以不能在always过程块中使用assign语句。