C++ 之 引用

1.引用必须在声明时将其初始化，不能先声明后赋值。

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
  int rats = 10;
  
  //声明引用，旦未初始化
  int &rodents;

  rodents = rats;

  return 0;
}

上述代码编译时会报以下错误：

error: ‘rodents’ declared as reference but not initialized

错误：'rodents' 声明为引用但未初始化。

2.引用更接近const指针，必须在创建时进行初始化，一旦引用和某个变量关联起来，该引用就会一直指向该变量。

int rats = 10;
int &rodents = rats;

上面代码实际上是下述代码的伪装表示：

int rats = 10;
int * const pr = &rats;

例子：

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
  int rats = 100;
  int &rodent = rats;

  cout << "rats = "<<rats<<", rodent = "<<rodent<<endl;
  cout << "rats address = "<<&rats<<endl;
  cout << "rodent address = "<<&rodent<<endl;

  cout <<"==================================="<<endl;
  int bunnies = 50;
  rodent = bunnies;

  cout << "rats = "<<rats<<", rodent = "<<rodent<<", bunnies = "<<bunnies<<endl;
  cout << "rats address = "<<&rats<<endl;
  cout << "rodent address = "<<&rodent<<endl;
  cout << "bunniess address = "<<&bunnies<<endl;

  return 0;
}

输出结果：

rats = 100, rodent = 100
rats address = 0xbfce21e4
rodent address = 0xbfce21e4
===================================
rats = 50, rodent = 50, bunnies = 50
rats address = 0xbfce21e4
rodent address = 0xbfce21e4
bunniess address = 0xbfce21e8

从结果可以看出，虽然在调用 rodent = bunnies; 后引用 rosent 的值变为 50，但是 rosent 所指向的地址空间还是指向了 rats，没有发生改变，说明 rodent = bunnies; 只是将 bunnies 的值赋值给引用 rodent 所指向的变量，没有改变引用的指向。

1.引用必须在声明时将其初始化，不能先声明后赋值。

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
  int rats = 10;
  
  //声明引用，旦未初始化
  int &rodents;

  rodents = rats;

  return 0;
}

上述代码编译时会报以下错误：

error: ‘rodents’ declared as reference but not initialized

错误：'rodents' 声明为引用但未初始化。

2.引用更接近const指针，必须在创建时进行初始化，一旦引用和某个变量关联起来，该引用就会一直指向该变量。

int rats = 10;
int &rodents = rats;

上面代码实际上是下述代码的伪装表示：

int rats = 10;
int * const pr = &rats;

例子：

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
  int rats = 100;
  int &rodent = rats;

  cout << "rats = "<<rats<<", rosent = "<<rodent<<endl;
  cout << "rats address = "<<&rats<<endl;
  cout << "rosent address = "<<&rodent<<endl;

  cout <<"==================================="<<endl;
  int bunnies = 50;
  rodent = bunnies;

  cout << "rats = "<<rats<<", rosent = "<<rodent<<", bunnies = "<<bunnies<<endl;
  cout << "rats address = "<<&rats<<endl;
  cout << "rosent address = "<<&rodent<<endl;
  cout << "bunniess address = "<<&bunnies<<endl;

  return 0;
}

输出结果：

rats = 100, rosent = 100
rats address = 0xbfce21e4
rosent address = 0xbfce21e4
===================================
rats = 50, rosent = 50, bunnies = 50
rats address = 0xbfce21e4
rosent address = 0xbfce21e4
bunniess address = 0xbfce21e8

从结果可以看出，虽然在调用 rodent = bunnies; 后引用 rosent 的值变为 50，但是 rosent 所指向的地址空间还是指向了 rats，没有发生改变，说明 rodent = bunnies; 只是将 bunnies 的值赋值给引用 rodent 所指向的变量，没有改变引用的指向。