文章目录
一. numeric库介绍
numeric 是 C++ 标准库中的一个头文件,它提供了一组算法,用于对序列(包括数组、容器等)进行数学计算。这些算法包括求和、积、平均数、最大值、最小值等等,通常会被用在数值计算、统计学、信号处理等领域。
numeric库包含了多个函数,常用的函数包括:
- std::accumulate:对序列中的所有元素求和
- std::adjacent_difference:计算相邻元素之间的差值
- std::inner_product:计算两个序列的内积
- std::partial_sum:对序列进行累积和操作
- std::iota:向序列中写入以val为初值的连续值序列
使用前需要引入相应的头文件:
#include <numeric>
二.详解
accumulate
accumulate(起始迭代器, 结束迭代器, 初始值, 自定义操作函数)
1. 计算数组中所有元素的和
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <numeric>
using namespace std;
int main() {
vector<int> arr{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10};
int sum = accumulate(arr.begin(), arr.end(), 0); // 初值0 + (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +... + 10)
cout << sum << endl; // 输出55
return 0;
}
2. 计算数组中所有元素的乘积
需要指定第四个参数,这里使用的是乘法函数 multiplies(), type根据元素的类型选择。
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <numeric>
using namespace std;
int main() {
vector<int> arr{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10};
int sum = accumulate(arr.begin(), arr.end(), 1, multiplies<int>()); // 初值1 * (1 * 2 * 3 * 4 *... * 10)
cout << sum << endl; // 输出3628800
return 0;
}
3. 计算数组中每个元素乘以3之后的和
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <numeric>
using namespace std;
int fun(int acc, int num) {
return acc + num * 3; // 计算数组中每个元素乘以3
}
int main() {
vector<int> arr{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10};
int sum = accumulate(arr.begin(), arr.end(), 0, fun);
cout << sum << endl; // 输出 165
return 0;
}
4.计算数组中每个元素减去3之后的和
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <numeric>
using namespace std;
int fun(int acc, int num) {
return acc + (num - 3) ; // 计算数组中每个元素减去3之后的和
}
int main() {
vector<int> arr{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10};
int sum = accumulate(arr.begin(), arr.end(), 0, fun);
cout << sum << endl; // 输出25
return 0;
}
5.计算班级内学生的平均分
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <numeric>
using namespace std;
struct Student {
string name;
int score;
Student() {}; // 无参构造函数
Student(string name, int score) : name(name), score(score) {}; // 有参构造函数
};
int fun(int acc, Student b) {
return acc + b.score;
}
int main() {
vector<Student> arr;
arr.emplace_back("Alice", 82);
arr.emplace_back("Bob", 91);
arr.emplace_back("Lucy", 85);
arr.emplace_back("Anna", 60);
arr.emplace_back("June", 73);
int avg_score = accumulate(arr.begin(), arr.end(), 0, fun) / arr.size(); // 总分/学生数
cout << avg_score << endl;
return 0;
}
6.拼接字符串
C++中字符串之间也可以使用+,即拼接两个字符串。
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <numeric>
using namespace std;
int main() {
vector<string> words{"this ", "is ", "a ", "sentence!"};
string init, res;
res = accumulate(words.begin(), words.end(), init); // 连接字符串
cout << res << endl; // this is a sentence!
return 0;
}
adjacent_difference
功能:对输入序列,计算相邻两项的差值(后一个减前一个元素),写入到输出序列(result)中。
函数模板
//模板一:默认形式,相邻差值写入至result中
template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator>
OutputIterator adjacent_difference (InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
OutputIterator result);
//模板二:自定义操作--binary_op
template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class BinaryOperation>
OutputIterator adjacent_difference ( InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
OutputIterator result, BinaryOperation binary_op );
应用举例
#include <iostream> // std::cout
#include <functional> // std::multiplies
#include <numeric> // std::adjacent_difference
int myop(int x, int y) { return x + y; }
int main()
{
int val[] = {1, 2, 3, 5, 9, 11, 12};
int result[7];
std::adjacent_difference(val, val + 7, result);//后面减前面的:1 1 1 2 4 2 1
std::cout << "using default adjacent_difference: ";
for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++)
std::cout << result[i] << ' ';
std::cout << '\n';
std::adjacent_difference(val, val + 7, result, std::multiplies<int>());//std::multiplies<int>():表示乘法
std::cout << "using functional operation multiplies: ";
for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++)
std::cout << result[i] << ' ';
std::cout << '\n';
std::adjacent_difference(val, val + 7, result, myop);//自定义方法
std::cout << "using custom function: ";
for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++)
std::cout << result[i] << ' ';
std::cout << '\n';
return 0;
}
输出:
using default adjacent_difference: 1 1 1 2 4 2 1
using functional operation multiplies: 1 2 6 15 45 99 132
using custom function: 1 3 5 8 14 20 23
inner_product
功能:计算两个输入序列的内积。
函数模板
//模板一:默认模板
template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class T>
T inner_product (InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
InputIterator2 first2, T init);
//模板二:自定义操作--binary_op1 binary_op2
template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class T,
class BinaryOperation1, class BinaryOperation2>
T inner_product (InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
InputIterator2 first2, T init,
BinaryOperation1 binary_op1,
BinaryOperation2 binary_op2);
应用举例
#include <iostream> // std::cout
#include <functional> // std::minus, std::divides
#include <numeric> // std::inner_product
int myaccumulator(int x, int y) { return x - y; }
int myproduct(int x, int y) { return x + y; }
int main()
{
int init = 100;
int series1[] = {10, 20, 30};
int series2[] = {1, 2, 3};
std::cout << "using default inner_product: ";
std::cout << std::inner_product(series1, series1 + 3, series2, init);//init = init + (*first1)*(*first2) ==》100 + 10*1 + 20*2 + 30*3
std::cout << '\n';
std::cout << "using functional operations: ";
std::cout << std::inner_product(series1, series1 + 3, series2, init,
std::minus<int>(), std::divides<int>());
std::cout << '\n';
std::cout << "using custom functions: ";
std::cout << std::inner_product(series1, series1 + 3, series2, init,
myaccumulator, myproduct);
std::cout << '\n';
return 0;
}
输出:
using default inner_product: 240
using functional operations: 70
using custom functions: 34
partial_sum
功能:计算局部累加和(每次都加上前面的所有元素),计算结果放入result中。
//模板一:默认计算计算局部累加和
template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator>
OutputIterator partial_sum (InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
OutputIterator result);
//模板二:自定义操作--binary_op
template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class BinaryOperation>
OutputIterator partial_sum (InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
OutputIterator result, BinaryOperation binary_op);
应用举例
#include <iostream> // std::cout
#include <functional> // std::multiplies
#include <numeric> // std::partial_sum
int myop(int x, int y) { return x + y + 1; }
int main()
{
int val[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
int result[5];
std::partial_sum(val, val + 5, result);//每次加入前面所有的元素放入result中
std::cout << "using default partial_sum: ";
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
std::cout << result[i] << ' ';
std::cout << '\n';
std::partial_sum(val, val + 5, result, std::multiplies<int>());//每次乘以前面的元素
std::cout << "using functional operation multiplies: ";
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
std::cout << result[i] << ' ';
std::cout << '\n';
std::partial_sum(val, val + 5, result, myop);//自定义操作myop
std::cout << "using custom function: ";
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
std::cout << result[i] << ' ';
std::cout << '\n';
return 0;
}
输出:
using default partial_sum: 1 3 6 10 15
using functional operation multiplies: 1 2 6 24 120
using custom function: 1 4 8 13 19
iota
功能:向序列中写入以val为初值的连续值序列。
函数模板
template <class ForwardIterator, class T>
void iota (ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, T val);
应用举例
#include <iostream> // std::cout
#include <numeric> // std::iota
int main()
{
int numbers[10];
std::iota(numbers, numbers + 10, 100);//以100为初值
for (int &i : numbers)
std::cout << ' ' << i;
std::cout << '\n';
return 0;
}
输出:
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109
三. 参考
https://blog.csdn.net/QLeelq/article/details/122548414
https://blog.csdn.net/VariatioZbw/article/details/125257536