考研数学重要知识点整理

数学常用知识点

基础

数列求和

等比数列

$$a_n=a_1{r}^{n-1}\Rightarrow S_n=\{\begin{array}{l}n{a}_1,r=1\\ \frac{a_1(1-r^n)}{1-r}\end{array}$$

三角函数

$$\begin{array}{rl}{\sin }^2\alpha & =\frac{1}{2}(1-\cos 2\alpha )\\ {\cos }^2\alpha & =\frac{1}{2}(1+\cos 2\alpha )\\ \sin \theta +\cos \theta & =\sqrt{2}\cos \left(\theta -\frac{\pi }{4}\right)=\sqrt{2}\sin \left(\theta +\frac{\pi }{4}\right)\\ \cos (\alpha \pm \beta )& =\cos \alpha \cos \beta \mp \sin \alpha \sin \beta \\ \sin (\alpha \pm \beta )& =\sin \alpha \cos \beta \pm \cos \alpha \sin \beta \end{array}$$

因数分解

$$\begin{array}{rl}{a}^3+b^3& =(a+b)\left(a^2-ab+b^2\right)\\ a^3-b^3& =(a-b)\left(a^2+ab+b^2\right)\\ a^n-b^n& =(a-b)\left(a^{n-1}+a^{n-2}b+\cdots +a{b}^{n-2}+b^{n-1}\right)\end{array}$$
$$\{\begin{array}{ll}{a}^n-b^n=(a+b)\left(a^{n-1}-a^{n-2}b+\cdots +a{b}^{n-2}-b^{n-1}\right),& n为正奇数\\ a^n+b^n=(a+b)\left(a^{n-1}-a^{n-2}b+\cdots -a{b}^{n-2}+b^{n-1}\right),& n为正偶数\end{array}$$

泰勒公式

$$\begin{array}{rl}\sin x& =x-\frac{x^3}{3!}+o\left(x^3\right)\\ \arcsin x& =x+\frac{x^3}{3!}+o\left(x^3\right)\\ \tan x& =x+\frac{x^3}{3}+o\left(x^3\right)\\ \arctan x& =x-\frac{x^3}{3}+o\left(x^3\right)\\ \cos x& =1-\frac{x^2}{2!}+\frac{x^4}{4!}+o\left(x^4\right)\\ \ln (1+x)& =x-\frac{x^2}{2}+\frac{x^3}{3}+o\left(x^3\right)\\ e^x& =1+x+\frac{x^2}{2!}+\frac{x^3}{3!}+o\left(x^3\right)=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\frac{x^n}{n!}\\ (1+x{)}^{\alpha }& =1+\alpha x+\frac{a(a-1)}{2!}{x}^2+o\left(x^2\right)\end{array}$$

$\Gamma$函数

$$\Gamma (\alpha )\triangleq {\int }_0^{+\infty }{x}^{\alpha -1}{e}^{-x}\mathrm{d}x\Rightarrow \{\begin{array}{l}\Gamma (\alpha +1)=\alpha \Gamma (\alpha )\\ \Gamma (n+1)=n!\\ \Gamma \left(\frac{1}{2}\right)=\sqrt{\pi }\end{array}$$

其他

$${\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}{\sin }^{n}x\mathrm{d}x={\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}{\cos }^{n}x\mathrm{d}x=\{\begin{array}{ll}\frac{n-1}{n}\cdot \frac{n-3}{n-2}\cdots \cdot \frac{2}{3}\cdot 1，& n为奇数且大于1\\ \frac{n-1}{n}\cdot \frac{n-3}{n-2}\cdots \cdot \frac{1}{2}\cdot \frac{\pi }{2}，& n为正偶数\end{array}$$

极限

性质

极限存在性质

单调有界数列必存在极限

1. { a n } ↗ ， 有 上 界 \{a_n\}↗，有上界 { an​}↗，有上界
2. { a n } ↘ ， 有 下 界 \{a_n\}↘，有下界 { an​}↘，有下界

两个重要极限

$$\underset{\Delta \to 0}{\lim }\frac{\sin \Delta }{\Delta }=1\text{\hspace{1em}(1)}$$
$$\underset{\Delta \to 0}{\lim }(1+△{)}^{\frac{1}{\Delta }}=e\text{\hspace{1em}(2)}$$

左右极限

$$a^{\frac{\Delta }{x-b}}或a^{\frac{\Delta }{b-x}},x\to b时考虑左右极限$$

斜渐近线

$$\begin{array}{rl}\underset{x\to +\infty }{\lim }\frac{f(x)}{x}& =\underset{x\to -\infty }{\lim }\frac{f(x)}{x}=k\\ \underset{x\to +\infty }{\lim }[f(x)-kx]& =\underset{x\to +\infty }{\lim }[f(x)-kx]=b\Rightarrow y=kx+b\end{array}$$

其他

$$0<x<\frac{\pi }{2}\Rightarrow \sin x<x<\tan x$$

微分

求导公式

三角

$$\begin{array}{rl}(\tan x{)}^{\prime }& ={\sec }^{2}x=\frac{1}{{\cos }^{2}x}\\ (\cot x{)}^{\prime }& ={\csc }^{2}x=\frac{1}{{\sin }^{2}x}\\ (\sec x{)}^{\prime }& =\sec x\tan x\\ (\csc x{)}^{\prime }& =-\csc x\cot x\end{array}$$

反三角

$$\begin{array}{rl}(\arcsin x{)}^{\prime }& =\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}\\ (\arccos x{)}^{\prime }& =-\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}\\ (\arctan x{)}^{\prime }& =\frac{1}{1+x^2}\\ (\mathrm{arccot}x{)}^{\prime }& =-\frac{1}{1+x^2}\end{array}$$

多元函数极值

无条件极值

1. 必要条件

$$z=f(x,y)在点(x_0,y_0)\{\begin{array}{l}一阶偏导数存在\\ 取极值\end{array}\Rightarrow f_x^{\prime }(x_0.y_0)=0,f_y^{\prime }(x_0,y_0)=0$$

2. 充分条件

$$\{\begin{array}{l}{f}_{xx}^{\prime \prime }(x_0,y_0)=A\\ f_{xy}^{\prime \prime }(x_0,y_0)=B\\ f_{yy}^{\prime \prime }(x_0,y_0)=C\end{array}\Rightarrow \Delta =B^2-AC\{\begin{array}{l}<0\Rightarrow \{\begin{array}{l}A<0\Rightarrow 极大值\\ A>0\Rightarrow 极小值\end{array}\\ >0非极值\\ =0方法失效\end{array}$$

条件极值

$u=f(x,y,z)在\{\begin{array}{l}\phi (x,y,z)=0\\ \psi (x,y,z)=0\end{array}下的极值$
$F(x,y,z,\lambda ,\mu )=f(x,y,z)+\lambda \phi (x,y,z)+\mu \psi (x,y,z)$
$$\{\begin{array}{l}{F}_x^{\prime }=0\\ F_y^{\prime }=0\\ F_z^{\prime }=0\\ F_{\lambda }^{\prime }=0\\ F_{\mu }^{\prime }=0\end{array}$$
$求出候选值，最大的为极大值，最小的为极小值$

方向导数

$u=u(x,y,z)在点P_0(x_0,y_0,z_0)处沿l=(l_x,l_y,l_z)方向导数：$
$$\begin{array}{rl}\frac{\partial u}{\partial l}{|}_{p_0}& =u_x^{\prime }(P_0)\cos \alpha +u_y^{\prime }(P_0)\cos \beta +u_z^{\prime }(P_0)\cos \gamma \\ \cos \alpha & =\frac{l_x}{|l|},\cos \beta =\frac{l_y}{|l|},\cos \gamma =\frac{l_z}{|l|},\end{array}$$