第6章 类工厂

06 类工厂

6.2类工厂函数

​ 是一个用于创建并返回类的函数

• def create_animal_class():
      def init(self, name="lovy"):
          self.name = name
  
      def eat(self):
          pass
  
      def go_to_vet(self):
          pass
  
      return type("Animal", (object, ), {
          "__doc__": 'A class representing an arbitrary animal.',
          "__init__": init,
          "eat": eat,
          "go_to_vet": go_to_vet,
      })
  
  Animal1 = create_animal_class()
  Animal2 = create_animal_class()
  print(Animal1 == Animal2) # False
  
  
  def create_animal_class():
  
      class Animal():
  
          def __init__(self, name="lovy"):
              self.name = name
  
          def eat(self):
              pass
  
      return Animal
  
  Animal1 = create_animal_class()
  Animal2 = create_animal_class()
  print(Animal1 == Animal2) # False
  

  6.3 何时编写类工厂

  1. 运行时属性

     def get_credential_class(use_proxy=False, tfa=False):
     
         if use_proxy:
             keys = ["service_name", "email_address"]
         else:
             keys = ["username", "password"]
             if tfa:
                 keys.append("tfa_token")
         class Credential(object):
             excepted_keys = set(keys)
     
             def __init__(self, **kwargs):
                 if self.excepted_keys != set(kwargs.keys()):
                     raise ValueError("Keys do not match.")
                 for k, v in kwargs.items():
                     setattr(self, k, v )
         return Credential 
     

     # 类的属性不固定
     import csv
     
     def get_credential_class(service):
     
         keys = []
     
         with open("creds.csv", "r")as csvfile:
             for row in csv.reader(csvfile):
                 if row[0].lower() != service.lower():
                     continue
                     
                 keys.append(row[1])
     
         class Credential(object):
             
             expected_keys = keys 
             def __init__(self, **kwargs):
                 if set(self.expected_keys) != set([i for i in kwargs.keys()]):
                     raise ValueError("Keys do not match.")
                 
                 for k, v in kwargs.items():
                     setattr(self, k, v)
         return Credential 
     
     
     '''
     Amazon, username
     Amazon, password
     Apple, email_address
     Apple, password
     GitHub, username
     GitHub, password
     GitHub, auth_token
     
     get_credential_class("GitHub") 将会返回一个包含`username、password、auth_token`属性的类
     '''
     
     

  2. 避免类属性一致性问题

     1. 类属性与实例属性

        class C:
            foo = "bar" # 类属性
            
            def __init__(self):
                self.foo = "bar"  # 实例属性 
        

     2. 类方法的限制

        class C:
        
            foo = "bar"
        
            @classmethod
            def classfoo(cls):
                return cls.foo
        
            def __init__(self):
                self.foo = "baz"
        
        c1 = C()
        c2 = C()
        c2.foo = 123
        print(c1.foo)
        print(c2.classfoo())
        

     3. 类工厂尝试

        def create_C_subclass(new_foo):
        
            class SubC(C):
                foo = new_foo
            return SubC
        
        S = create_C_subclass("spam")
        E = create_C_subclass("eggs")
        print(S.foo)
        print(E.foo)
        

  3. 单例模式

     # 不需要面对在其他的地方重用类或类工厂可以处理累的重用的情况
     def CPrime(new_foo="bar"):
     
         if new_foo == "bar":
             return C()
     
         class SubC(C):
             foo = new_foo
         return SubC()