matlab函数: graycomatrix()
功 能：创建灰度共生矩阵
Gray-level co-occurrence matrix from an image
图像的灰度共生矩阵
灰度共生矩阵是像素距离和角度的矩阵函数，它通过计算图像中一定距离和一定方向的两点灰度之间的相关性，来反映图像在方向、间隔、变化幅度及快慢上的综合信息。
使用方法：
glcm = graycomatrix(I)
glcms = graycomatrix(I,param1,val1,param2,val2,...)
[glcms,SI] = graycomatrix(...)
描述：
glcms = graycomatrix(I) 产生图像I的灰度共生矩阵GLCM。它是通过计算两灰度值 i,j 在图像 I 中水平相邻的次数而得到的 (你也可以通过调整' Offsets' 参数来指定其它的像素空间关系），GLCM中的每一个元素（i,j）代表灰度 i 与灰度 j 在图像 I 中水平相邻的次数。
graycomatrix()先将图像 I 归一化到指定的灰度级，再计算GLCM；这是因为动态地求取图像的GLCM区间代价过高。如果I是一个二值图像，那么灰度共生矩阵就将图像转换到二值灰度级（黑和白）。如果I是一个灰度图像， 那将转换到8灰度级(默认)。灰度的级数决定了GLCM的大小尺寸，假设灰度级为L，则GLCM的尺寸是L x L。你可以通过设定参数“NumLevels”来指定灰度级数目，还可以通过设置“GrayLimits"参数来设置灰度共生矩阵的转换方式。
下图在一个4x5的图像I中显示了如何求解灰度共生矩阵，以（1，1）点为例，在图像 I 中水平相邻的像素对的灰度值都为1的情况只出现了1次，所以GLCM(1,1)的值是1。，同理，在图像 I 中水平相邻的像素对的灰度值分别为 1和2 的情况出现了2次，所以GLCM(1,2)的值是2。 graycomatrix迭代以上过程，就可以计算出GLCM的所有位置(L^2)的取值。
glcms = graycomatrix(I,param1,val1,param2,val2,...) 返回一个或多个灰度灰度共生矩阵，根据指定的参数对的值。参数可以简写，并且对大小写不敏感。
参数
下面按照字母的顺序列写了参数：
'GrayLimits' 是两个元素的向量[low,high]，指明了图像 I 中的灰度值如何线性归一化到灰度级别。低于或等于low的灰度值置成1，大于或等于high的灰度值置成NumLevels。如果其设为[]，灰度共生矩阵将使用图像I的最小和最大灰度值分别作为GrayLimits的low和high，即[min(I(:) , max(I(:)))]。
'NumLevels' 一个整数，指定灰度级的数目。例如，如果NumLevels为8，意思就是将图像I的灰度映射到1到8之间，它也决定了灰度共生矩阵的大小。默认值是8。
'Offset' 一个p*2的整数矩阵，指定了感兴趣像素对之间的距离和方向。矩阵中的每一行是一个两元素的向量，[row_offset , col_offset]，它指定了一对像素之间的关系，或者说是位移。row_offset是感兴趣像素对间隔的行的数目；col_offset是感兴趣像素对间隔的列的数目。offset通常表示一个角度，下面列写的offset的值指定了常见角度。D代表是当前像素与邻居的距离。
Angle Offset
0 [0 D]
45 [-D D]
90 [-D 0]
135 [-D -D]
下图说明了数组：offset = [0 1; -1 1; -1 0; -1 -1]
'Symmetric' 一个布尔型数(逻辑型)，指定创建GLCM时像素对中的两像素的顺序是否考虑。例如，当 'Symmetric' 是true时，graycomatrix计算1连接2的次数时，(1,2)和(2,1)这两种数对都计算在内。当'Symmetric'是false时，graycomatrix只是计算(1,2)或(2,1).
[glcm,SI] = graycomatrix(....) 返回归一化(灰度级的)图像,SI,它被用来计算灰度共生矩阵(GLCM)，SI图像的取值范围是[1,NumLevels]。
支持类型
I可以是数字型或逻辑型，但必须是二维的，实数的，非稀疏的矩阵。SI是一个double型矩阵，它和I的尺寸相同。glcms是一个‘NumLevels’ x ‘NumLevels’ x P的double型矩阵，P是offsets的数目(即‘Offset’参数值的列数)。
说明：
灰度共生矩阵(GLCM)的另一个名字是灰度空间相关矩阵(gray-level spatial dependence matrix)。另一方面，co-occurrence在文献中使用时经常不带连字符，即cooccurrence。
如果像素对中的一个像素值为NaN，graycomatrix忽略该像素对。
graycomatrix用NumLevels值替代positive Inf，用1代替negative Inf。
如果边界像素的邻居落在图像边界的外边，graycomatrix忽略该边界像素。
当'Symmetric'设置成'true'时，GLCM 是关于对角线对称的，就是Haralick (1973)描述的GLCM。下面句法（1）使用'Symmetric'为'true'时创建了GLCM等于句法（2）和句法（3）使用'Symmetric'为‘false’时产生的GLCM的和。
graycomatrix(I, 'offset', [0 1], 'Symmetric', true) (1)
graycomatrix(I,'offset', [0,1], 'Symmetric', false) (2)
graycomatrix(I,'offset', [0,-1], 'Symmetric',false) (3)
示例：
计算灰度共生矩阵，并且返回缩放后的图像，SI
I = [ 1 1 5 6 8 8; 2 3 5 7 0 2; 0 2 3 5 6 7]; % 生成图像I矩阵
[glcm,SI] = graycomatrix(I,'NumLevels',9,'G',[]) % 计算灰度共生矩阵(glcm)和归一化图像(SI)
计算灰度图像的灰度共生矩阵
I = imread('circuit.tif'); % 读入circuit.tif图像
glcm = graycomatrix(I,'Offset',[2 0]);
参考文献
Haralick, R.M., K. Shanmugan, and I. Dinstein, "Textural Features for Image Classification", IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Vol. SMC-3, 1973, pp. 610-621.
Haralick, R.M., and L.G. Shapiro. Computer and Robot Vision: Vol. 1, Addison-Wesley, 1992, p. 459.
灰度共生矩阵的特征：
角二阶矩（Angular Second Moment, ASM)
也称为 能量
ASM=sum(p(i,j).^2) p(i,j)指归一化后的灰度共生矩阵
角二阶矩是图像灰度分布均匀程度和纹理粗细的一个度量，当图像纹理绞细致、灰度分布均匀时，能量值较大，反之，较小。
熵（Entropy, ENT)
ENT=sum(p(i,j)*(-ln(p(i,j)))
是描述图像具有的信息量的度量，表明图像的复杂程序，当复杂程序高时，熵值较大，反之则较小。
反差分矩阵（Inverse Differential Moment, IDM)
IDM=sum(p(i,j)/(1+(i-j)^2))
反映了纹理的清晰程度和规则程度，纹理清晰、规律性较强、易于描述的，值较大；杂乱无章的，难于描述的，值较小。
************************************************************************************************************************************************************************
************************************************************* graycomatrix源程序代码 *****************************************************************************
************************************************************************************************************************************************************************
-
function [GLCMS,SI] = graycomatrix(varargin)
-
%GRAYCOMATRIX Create gray-level co-occurrence matrix.
-
% GLCMS = GRAYCOMATRIX(I) analyzes pairs of horizontally adjacent pixels
-
% in a scaled version of I. If I is a binary image, it is scaled to
2
-
% levels. If I is an intensity image, it is scaled to
8 levels. In this
-
% case, there are
8
x
8 =
64 possible ordered combinations of
values
for
-
%
each pixel pair. GRAYCOMATRIX accumulates the total occurrence of
each
-
% such combination, producing a
8-by-
8 output array, GLCMS. The row
and
-
% column subscripts in GLCMS correspond respectively to the first
and
-
% second (scaled) pixel-pair values.
-
%
-
% GLCMS = GRAYCOMATRIX(I,PARAM1,VALUE1,PARAM2,VALUE2,...) returns one
or
-
% more gray-level co-occurrence matrices, depending on the
values of the
-
% optional parameter/value pairs. Parameter names can be abbreviated,
and
-
% case does
not matter.
-
%
-
% Parameters include:
-
%
-
%
'Offset' A p-by-
2 array of offsets specifying the distance
-
% between the pixel-of-interest
and its neighbor. Each
-
% row in the array is a two-element vector,
-
% [ROW_OFFSET COL_OFFSET], that specifies the
-
% relationship,
or
'Offset', between a pair of pixels.
-
% ROW_OFFSET is the number of rows between the
-
% pixel-of-interest
and its neighbor. COL_OFFSET is the
-
% number of columns between the pixel-of-interest
and
-
% its neighbor. For example,
if you want the number of
-
% occurrences where the pixel of interest is one pixel
-
% to the left of its neighbor, then
-
% [ROW_OFFSET COL_OFFSET] is [
0
1].
-
%
-
% Because this offset is often expressed as an angle,
-
% the following table lists the offset
values that
-
% specify common angles,
given the pixel distance D.
-
%
-
% Angle OFFSET
-
% ----- ------
-
%
0 [
0 D]
-
%
45 [-D D]
-
%
90 [-D
0]
-
%
135 [-D -D]
-
%
-
% ROW_OFFSET
and COL_OFFSET must be integers.
-
%
-
% Default: [
0
1]
-
%
-
%
'NumLevels' An integer specifying the number of gray levels to
use
when
-
% scaling the grayscale
values in I. For example,
if
-
%
'NumLevels' is
8, GRAYCOMATRIX scales the
values in I so
-
% they are integers between
1
and
8. The number of gray levels
-
% determines the size of the gray-level co-occurrence matrix
-
% (GLCM).
-
%
-
%
'NumLevels' must be an integer.
'NumLevels' must be
2
if I
-
% is logical.
-
%
-
% Default:
8
for numeric
-
%
2
for logical
-
%
-
%
'GrayLimits' A two-element vector, [LOW HIGH], that specifies how
-
% the grayscale
values in I are linearly scaled into
-
% gray levels. Grayscale
values less than
or equal to
-
% LOW are scaled to
1. Grayscale
values greater than
or
-
% equal to HIGH are scaled to HIGH. If
'GrayLimits' is
-
% set to [], GRAYCOMATRIX uses the minimum
and maximum
-
% grayscale
values in I as limits,
-
% [min(I(:)) max(I(:))].
-
%
-
% Default: the LOW
and HIGH
values specified by the
-
% class, e.g., [LOW HIGH] is [
0
1]
if I is double
and
-
% [-
32768
32767]
if I is int16.
-
%
-
%
'Symmetric' A Boolean that creates a GLCM where the ordering of
-
%
values in the pixel pairs is
not considered. For
-
% example,
when calculating the number of
times the
-
% value
1 is adjacent to the value
2, GRAYCOMATRIX
-
% counts both
1,
2
and
2,
1 pairings,
if
'Symmetric' is
-
% set to true. When
'Symmetric' is set to false,
-
% GRAYCOMATRIX only counts
1,
2
or
2,
1, depending on the
-
% value of
'offset'. The GLCM created in this way is
-
% symmetric across its diagonal,
and is equivalent to
-
% the GLCM described by Haralick (
1973).
-
%
-
% The GLCM produced by the following syntax,
-
%
-
% graycomatrix(I,
'offset', [
0
1],
'Symmetric', true)
-
%
-
% is equivalent to the sum of the two GLCMs produced by
-
% these statements.
-
%
-
% graycomatrix(I,
'offset', [
0
1],
'Symmetric', false)
-
% graycomatrix(I,
'offset', [
0 -
1],
'Symmetric', false)
-
%
-
% Default: false
-
%
-
%
-
% [GLCMS,SI] = GRAYCOMATRIX(...) returns the scaled image used to
-
% calculate GLCM. The
values in SI are between
1
and
'NumLevels'.
-
%
-
% Class Support
-
% -------------
-
% I can be numeric
or logical. I must be
2D, real,
and nonsparse. SI is
-
% a double matrix having the same size as I. GLCMS is an
-
%
'NumLevels'-by-
'NumLevels'-by-P double array where P is the number of
-
% offsets in OFFSET.
-
%
-
% Notes
-
% -----
-
% Another name
for a gray-level co-occurrence matrix is a gray-level
-
% spatial dependence matrix.
-
%
-
% GRAYCOMATRIX ignores pixels pairs
if either of their
values is NaN. It
-
% also replaces Inf with the value
'NumLevels'
and -Inf with the value
1.
-
%
-
% GRAYCOMATRIX ignores border pixels,
if the corresponding neighbors
-
%
defined by
'Offset' fall outside the image boundaries.
-
%
-
% References
-
% ----------
-
% Haralick, R.M., K. Shanmugan,
and I. Dinstein,
"Textural Features for
-
% Image Classification", IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man,
and
-
% Cybernetics, Vol. SMC-
3,
1973, pp.
610-
621.
-
%
-
% Haralick, R.M.,
and L.G. Shapiro. Computer
and Robot Vision: Vol.
1,
-
% Addison-Wesley,
1992, p.
459.
-
%
-
% Example
1
-
% ---------
-
% Calculate the gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM)
and
return the
-
% scaled version of the image, SI, used by GRAYCOMATRIX to generate the
-
% GLCM.
-
%
-
% I = [
1
1
5
6
8
8;
2
3
5
7
0
2;
0
2
3
5
6
7];
-
% [GLCMS,SI] = graycomatrix(I,
'NumLevels',
9,
'G',[])
-
%
-
% Example
2
-
% ---------
-
% Calculate the gray-level co-occurrence matrix
for a grayscale image.
-
%
-
% I = imread(
'circuit.tif');
-
% GLCMS = graycomatrix(I,
'Offset',[
2
0])
-
%
-
% Example
3
-
% ---------
-
% Calculate gray-level co-occurrences matrices
for a grayscale image
-
% using four different offsets.
-
%
-
% I = imread(
'cell.tif');
-
% offsets = [
0
1;-
1
1;-
1
0;-
1 -
1];
-
% [GLCMS,SI] = graycomatrix(I,
'Of',offsets);
-
%
-
% Example
4
-
% ---------
-
% Calculate the symmetric gray-level co-occurrence matrix (the Haralick
-
% definition)
for a grayscale image.
-
%
-
% I = imread(
'circuit.tif');
-
% GLCMS = graycomatrix(I,
'Offset',[
2
0],
'Symmetric', true)
-
%
-
% See also GRAYCOPROPS.
-
-
% Copyright
1993-
2008 The MathWorks, Inc.
-
% $Revision.
1 $ $Date:
2008/
04/
03
03:
10:
53 $
-
-
[I, Offset, NL, GL, makeSymmetric] = ParseInputs(varargin{:});
-
-
% Scale I so that it contains integers between
1
and NL.
-
if GL(
2) == GL(
1)
-
SI = ones(size(I));
-
else
-
slope = (NL-
1) / (GL(
2) - GL(
1));
-
intercept =
1 - (slope*(GL(
1)));
-
SI = round(imlincomb(slope,I,intercept,
'double'));
-
end
-
-
% Clip
values
if user had a value that is outside of the range, e.g.,
-
% double image = [
0 .
5
2;
0
1
1];
2 is outside of [
0,
1]. The order of the
-
% following lines matters in the event that NL =
0.
-
SI(SI > NL) = NL;
-
SI(SI <
1) =
1;
-
-
numOffsets = size(Offset,
1);
-
-
if NL ~=
0
-
-
% Create vectors of row
and column subscripts
for every pixel
and its
-
% neighbor.
-
s = size(I);
-
[r,c] = meshgrid(
1:
s(
1),
1:
s(
2));
-
r = r(:);
-
c = c(:);
-
-
% Compute GLCMS
-
GLCMS = zeros(NL,NL,numOffsets);
-
for k =
1 : numOffsets
-
GLCMS(:,:,k) = computeGLCM(r,c,Offset(k,:),SI,NL);
-
-
if makeSymmetric
-
% Reflect glcm across the diagonal
-
glcmTranspose = GLCMS(:,:,k).
';
-
GLCMS(:,:,k) = GLCMS(:,:,k) + glcmTranspose;
-
end
-
end
-
-
else
-
GLCMS = zeros(0,0,numOffsets);
-
end
-
-
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
function oneGLCM = computeGLCM(r,c,offset,si,nl)
-
% computes GLCM given one Offset
-
-
r2 = r + offset(1);
-
c2 = c + offset(2);
-
-
[nRow nCol] = size(si);
-
% Determine locations where subscripts outside the image boundary
-
outsideBounds = find(c2 < 1 | c2 > nCol | r2 < 1 | r2 > nRow);
-
-
% Create vector containing si(r1,c1)
-
v1 = shiftdim(si,1);
-
v1 = v1(:);
-
v1(outsideBounds) = [];
-
-
% Create vector containing si(r2,c2). Not using sub2ind for performance
-
% reasons
-
r2(outsideBounds) = []; %#ok
-
c2(outsideBounds) = []; %#ok
-
Index = r2 + (c2 - 1)*nRow;
-
v2 = si(Index);
-
-
% Remove pixel and its neighbor if their value is NaN.
-
bad = isnan(v1) | isnan(v2);
-
if any(bad)
-
wid = sprintf('Images:%s:scaledImageContainsNan
',mfilename);
-
warning(wid, ...
-
'GLCM does
not count pixel pairs
if either of their
values is NaN.
');
-
end
-
-
Ind = [v1 v2];
-
Ind(bad,:) = [];
-
-
if isempty(Ind)
-
oneGLCM = zeros(nl);
-
else
-
% Tabulate the occurrences of pixel pairs having v1 and v2.
-
oneGLCM = accumarray(Ind, 1, [nl nl]);
-
end
-
-
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
function [I, offset, nl, gl, sym] = ParseInputs(varargin)
-
-
iptchecknargin(1,9,nargin,mfilename);
-
-
% Check I
-
I = varargin{1};
-
iptcheckinput(I,{'logical
','numeric
'},{'
2d
','real
','nonsparse
'}, ...
-
mfilename,'I
',1);
-
-
% Assign Defaults
-
offset = [0 1];
-
if islogical(I)
-
nl = 2;
-
else
-
nl = 8;
-
end
-
gl = getrangefromclass(I);
-
sym = false;
-
-
% Parse Input Arguments
-
if nargin ~= 1
-
-
paramStrings = {'Offset
','NumLevels
','GrayLimits
','Symmetric
'};
-
-
for k = 2:2:nargin
-
-
param = lower(varargin{k});
-
inputStr = iptcheckstrs(param, paramStrings, mfilename, 'PARAM
', k);
-
idx = k + 1; %Advance index to the VALUE portion of the input.
-
if idx > nargin
-
eid = sprintf('Images:%s:missingParameterValue
', mfilename);
-
error(eid,'Parameter
''%s
'' must be followed by a value.
', inputStr);
-
end
-
-
switch (inputStr)
-
-
case 'Offset
'
-
-
offset = varargin{idx};
-
iptcheckinput(offset,{'logical
','numeric
'},...
-
{'
2d
','nonempty
','integer
','real
'},...
-
mfilename, 'OFFSET
', idx);
-
if size(offset,2) ~= 2
-
eid = sprintf('Images:%s:invalidOffsetSize
',mfilename);
-
error(eid, 'OFFSET must be an N-by-
2 array.
');
-
end
-
offset = double(offset);
-
-
case 'NumLevels
'
-
-
nl = varargin{idx};
-
iptcheckinput(nl,{'logical
','numeric
'},...
-
{'real
','integer
','nonnegative
','nonempty
','nonsparse
'},...
-
mfilename, 'NL
', idx);
-
if numel(nl) > 1
-
eid = sprintf('Images:%s:invalidNumLevels
',mfilename);
-
error(eid, 'NL cannot contain more than one element.
');
-
elseif islogical(I) && nl ~= 2
-
eid = sprintf('Images:%s:invalidNumLevelsForBinary
',mfilename);
-
error(eid, 'NL must be two
for a binary image.
');
-
end
-
nl = double(nl);
-
-
case 'GrayLimits
'
-
-
gl = varargin{idx};
-
iptcheckinput(gl,{'logical
','numeric
'},{'vector
','real
'},...
-
mfilename, 'GL
', idx);
-
if isempty(gl)
-
gl = [min(I(:)) max(I(:))];
-
elseif numel(gl) ~= 2
-
eid = sprintf('Images:%s:invalidGrayLimitsSize
',mfilename);
-
error(eid, 'GL must be a two-element vector.
');
-
end
-
gl = double(gl);
-
-
case 'Symmetric
'
-
sym = varargin{idx};
-
iptcheckinput(sym,{'logical
'}, {'
scalar
'}, mfilename, 'Symmetric
', idx);
-
-
end
-
end
-
end
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