systemd管理linux进程

systemd 介绍

systemd是目前Linux系统上主要的系统守护进程管理工具，由于init一方面对于进程的管理是串行化的，容易出现阻塞情况，另一方面init也仅仅是执行启动脚本，并不能对服务本身进行更多的管理。所以从CentOS 7开始也由systemd取代了init作为默认的系统进程管理工具。
systemd所管理的所有系统资源都称作Unit，通过systemd命令集可以方便的对这些Unit进行管理。比如systemctl、hostnamectl、timedatectl、localctl等命令，这些命令虽然改写了init时代用户的命令使用习惯（不再使用chkconfig、service等命令），但确实也提供了很大的便捷性。

systemd 特点

最新系统都采用systemd管理（RedHat7，CentOS7，Ubuntu15…）
CentOS7 支持开机并行启动服务，显著提高开机启动效率
CentOS7关机只关闭正在运行的服务，而CentOS6，全部都关闭一次。
CentOS7服务的启动与停止不再使用脚本进行管理，也就是/etc/init.d下不在有脚本。
CentOS7使用systemd解决原有模式缺陷，比如原有service不会关闭程序产生的子进程。

systemd 语法

systemctl [command]      [unit]（配置的应用名称）

command可选项
· start：启动指定的unit          systemctl start nginx
· stop：关闭指定的unit           systemctl stop nginx
· restart：重启指定unit          systemctl restart nginx
· reload：重载指定unit           systemctl reload nginx
· enable：系统开机时自动启动指定unit，前提是配置文件中有相关配置 systemctl enable nginx
· disable：开机时不自动运行指定unit   systemctl disable nginx
· status：查看指定unit当前运行状态 systemctl status nginx

systemd 配置文件说明

每一个 Unit 都需要有一个配置文件用于告知 systemd 对于服务的管理方式
配置文件存放于 /usr/lib/systemd/system/，设置开机启动后会在 /etc/systemd/system 目录建立软链接文件
每个Unit的配置文件配置默认后缀名为.service
在 /usr/lib/systemd/system/ 目录中分为 system 和 user 两个目录，一般将开机不登陆就能运行的程序存在系统服务里，也就是 /usr/lib/systemd/system
配置文件使用方括号分成了多个部分，并且区分大小写

systemd 相关文件

systemd控制的相关文件	CentOS6	CentOS7
服务启动的脚本启动路径	/etc/init.d	/usr/lib/systemd/system
开机自启服务存放路径	/etc/rcN.d	/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/
默认运行级别配置文	/etc/inittab	/etc/systemd/system/default.target

实战一

源码编译安装nginx 实现systemd管理控制
安装nginx编译环境

yum  -y install gcc gcc-c++    openssl-devel pcre-devel gd-devel  iproute net-tools telnet wget curl
wget http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.15.5.tar.gz
tar zxf nginx-1.15.5.tar.gz &&
cd nginx-1.15.5
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx \
    --with-http_ssl_module \
    --with-http_stub_status_module 
make -j 4 && make install

通用方式启动nginx

/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx  #启动
/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx  -s reload  #重启
/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s   quit   #关闭nginx

systemd 管理控制启动模式

vim /usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service

[Unit]
Description=nginx
After=network.target

[Service]
Type=forking
ExecStart=/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
ExecReload=/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload
ExecStop=/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s quit
PrivateTmp=true

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

参数详解

systemctl restart nginx
systemctl enable  nginx
systemctl stop  nginx

实战二

二进制安装tomcat 实现systemd管理控制

安装java环境，我已经将安装包打包到我得服务器上，也可以去官网下载

wget  https://download.oracle.com/java/18/latest/jdk-18_linux-x64_bin.rpm
wget  https://dlcdn.apache.org/tomcat/tomcat-9/v9.0.64/bin/apache-tomcat-9.0.64.tar.gz

rpm -ivh  jdk-18_linux-x64_bin.rpm    #rpm直接安装jdk

配置环境变量

vim    /etc/profile

export JAVA_HOME=/usr/java/jdk-18_linux-x64_bin
export JRE_HOME=${JAVA_HOME}/jre  
export CLASSPATH=.:${JAVA_HOME}/lib:${JRE_HOME}/lib  
export JAVA_PATH=${JAVA_HOME}/bin:${JRE_HOME}/bin
export  PATH=${JAVA_HOME}/bin:$PATH 
source   /etc/profile

java -version   #检测环境

安装tomcat

tar  -xf  apache-tomcat-9.0.27  
mv  apache-tomcat-9.0.27  /usr/local/tomcat

启动tomcat

sh    /usr/local/tomcat/bin/startup.sh   #启动
sh   /usr/local/tomcat/bin/shutdown.sh #关闭

systemd管理控制启动

vim /usr/lib/systemd/system/tomcat.service

[Unit]
Description=tomcat server
Wants=network-online.target
After=network.target

[Service]
Type=forking
Environment="JAVA_HOME=/usr/java/jdk-18_linux-x64_bin"
Environment="PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin"
Environment="CLASSPATH=.:$JAVA_HOME/lib/dt.jar:$JAVA_HOME/lib/tools.jar"
ExecStart=/usr/local/tomcat/bin/startup.sh
ExecStop=/usr/local/tomcat/bin/shutdown.sh
Restart=on-failure

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

systemctl restart tomcat  #启动
systemctl enable tomcat   #配置自启
systemctl stop  tomcat   #停止服务
systemctl status  tomcat  #检测状态

以上两个实战nginx和tomcat程序中自带了启动停止脚本，如果启动得程序没有自带脚本则需要自己编写一个类似得启动停止脚本

实战三

部署jar程序 实现systemd管理控制
实际得项目中会有一些jar程序需要启动 如果手动启动则需要输入一大串命令 停止则需要杀掉进程来停止，很麻烦。举一个实际启动得例子切换到jar目录下

java -jar decode.jar -Dconfig=/usr/local/abc/application.properties

编写一个启动脚本

vim demo.sh

#!/bin/bash
#

source /etc/profile
jarName="abc-web.jar"
workDir="/usr/local/abc"

start(){
    cd ${workDir} && java -jar ${jarName} --spring.profiles.active=prod --server.port=9630 >uams.log 2>&1 &
}

stop(){
    ps -ef | grep -qP "(?<=-jar)\s+${jarName}" && kill $(ps -ef | grep -P "(?<=-jar)\s+${jarName}" | awk '{print $2}')
}

case $1 in
    start)
        start
        ;;
    stop)
        stop
        ;;
    restart)
        stop
        start
        ;;
esac

编写 systemd 配置文件
vim /usr/lib/systemd/system/abc.service

[Unit]
Description=uams server
Wants=network-online.target
After=network.target

[Service]
Type=forking
WorkingDirectory=/usr/local/abc/
ExecStart=/bin/bash uams.sh start
ExecStop=/bin/bash uams.sh stop
ExecReload=/bin/bash uams.sh restart
Restart=on-failure

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

启动abc服务

systemctl restart abc  #启动
systemctl enable abc   #配置自启
systemctl stop  abc   #停止服务
systemctl status  abc  #检测状态

实战四

二进制方式部署的mysql数据库，通过systemd管理控制
将如下脚本放至/etc/init.d目录下。并建立软链设置开机自启动

ln -snf /app/mysql/3306/parafiles/mysql_3306.cnf /etc/my.cnf
ln -s /etc/init.d/mysql.server /etc/rc3.d/S99mysql
ln -s /etc/init.d/mysql.server /etc/rc0.d/K01mysql

#!/bin/sh

# This file is public domain and comes with NO WARRANTY of any kind
# MySQL daemon start/stop script.

# Usually this is put in /etc/init.d (at least on machines SYSV R4 based
# systems) and linked to /etc/rc3.d/S99mysql and /etc/rc0.d/K01mysql.
# When this is done the mysql server will be started when the machine is
# started and shut down when the systems goes down.

### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides: mysql
# Required-Start: $local_fs $network $remote_fs
# Should-Start: ypbind nscd ldap ntpd xntpd
# Required-Stop: $local_fs $network $remote_fs
# Default-Start:  2 3 4 5
# Default-Stop: 0 1 6
# Short-Description: start and stop MySQL
# Description: MySQL is a very fast and reliable SQL database engine.
### END INIT INFO
 
# If you install MySQL on some other places than /usr/local/mysql, then you
# have to do one of the following things for this script to work:
#
# - Run this script from within the MySQL installation directory
# - Create a /etc/my.cnf file with the following information:
#   [mysqld]
#   basedir=<path-to-mysql-installation-directory>
# - Add the above to any other configuration file (for example ~/.my.ini)
#   and copy my_print_defaults to /usr/bin
# - Add the path to the mysql-installation-directory to the basedir variable
#   below.
#
# If you want to affect other MySQL variables, you should make your changes
# in the /etc/my.cnf, ~/.my.cnf or other MySQL configuration files.

# If you change base dir, you must also change datadir. These may get
# overwritten by settings in the MySQL configuration files.

basedir=
datadir=

# Default value, in seconds, afterwhich the script should timeout waiting
# for server start. 
# Value here is overriden by value in my.cnf. 
# 0 means don't wait at all
# Negative numbers mean to wait indefinitely
service_startup_timeout=900

# Lock directory for RedHat / SuSE.
lockdir='/var/lock/subsys'
lock_file_path="$lockdir/mysql"

# The following variables are only set for letting mysql.server find things.

# Set some defaults
mysqld_pid_file_path=
if test -z "$basedir"
then
  basedir=/usr/local/mysql
  bindir=/usr/local/mysql/bin
  if test -z "$datadir"
  then
    datadir=/usr/local/mysql/data
  fi
  sbindir=/usr/local/mysql/bin
  libexecdir=/usr/local/mysql/bin
else
  bindir="$basedir/bin"
  if test -z "$datadir"
  then
    datadir="$basedir/data"
  fi
  sbindir="$basedir/sbin"
  libexecdir="$basedir/libexec"
fi

# datadir_set is used to determine if datadir was set (and so should be
# *not* set inside of the --basedir= handler.)
datadir_set=

#
# Use LSB init script functions for printing messages, if possible
#
lsb_functions="/lib/lsb/init-functions"
if test -f $lsb_functions ; then
  . $lsb_functions
else
  log_success_msg()
  {
    echo " SUCCESS! $@"
  }
  log_failure_msg()
  {
    echo " ERROR! $@"
  }
fi

PATH="/sbin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/usr/bin:$basedir/bin"
export PATH

mode=$1    # start or stop

[ $# -ge 1 ] && shift


other_args="$*"   # uncommon, but needed when called from an RPM upgrade action
           # Expected: "--skip-networking --skip-grant-tables"
           # They are not checked here, intentionally, as it is the resposibility
           # of the "spec" file author to give correct arguments only.

case `echo "testing\c"`,`echo -n testing` in
    *c*,-n*) echo_n=   echo_c=     ;;
    *c*,*)   echo_n=-n echo_c=     ;;
    *)       echo_n=   echo_c='\c' ;;
esac

parse_server_arguments() {
  for arg do
    case "$arg" in
      --basedir=*)  basedir=`echo "$arg" | sed -e 's/^[^=]*=//'`
                    bindir="$basedir/bin"
		    if test -z "$datadir_set"; then
		      datadir="$basedir/data"
		    fi
		    sbindir="$basedir/sbin"
		    libexecdir="$basedir/libexec"
        ;;
      --datadir=*)  datadir=`echo "$arg" | sed -e 's/^[^=]*=//'`
		    datadir_set=1
	;;
      --pid-file=*) mysqld_pid_file_path=`echo "$arg" | sed -e 's/^[^=]*=//'` ;;
      --service-startup-timeout=*) service_startup_timeout=`echo "$arg" | sed -e 's/^[^=]*=//'` ;;
    esac
  done
}

wait_for_pid () {
  verb="$1"           # created | removed
  pid="$2"            # process ID of the program operating on the pid-file
  pid_file_path="$3" # path to the PID file.

  i=0
  avoid_race_condition="by checking again"

  while test $i -ne $service_startup_timeout ; do

    case "$verb" in
      'created')
        # wait for a PID-file to pop into existence.
        test -s "$pid_file_path" && i='' && break
        ;;
      'removed')
        # wait for this PID-file to disappear
        test ! -s "$pid_file_path" && i='' && break
        ;;
      *)
        echo "wait_for_pid () usage: wait_for_pid created|removed pid pid_file_path"
        exit 1
        ;;
    esac

    # if server isn't running, then pid-file will never be updated
    if test -n "$pid"; then
      if kill -0 "$pid" 2>/dev/null; then
        :  # the server still runs
      else
        # The server may have exited between the last pid-file check and now.  
        if test -n "$avoid_race_condition"; then
          avoid_race_condition=""
          continue  # Check again.
        fi

        # there's nothing that will affect the file.
        log_failure_msg "The server quit without updating PID file ($pid_file_path)."
        return 1  # not waiting any more.
      fi
    fi

    echo $echo_n ".$echo_c"
    i=`expr $i + 1`
    sleep 1

  done

  if test -z "$i" ; then
    log_success_msg
    return 0
  else
    log_failure_msg
    return 1
  fi
}

# Get arguments from the my.cnf file,
# the only group, which is read from now on is [mysqld]
if test -x "$bindir/my_print_defaults";  then
  print_defaults="$bindir/my_print_defaults"
else
  # Try to find basedir in /etc/my.cnf
  conf=/etc/my.cnf
  print_defaults=
  if test -r $conf
  then
    subpat='^[^=]*basedir[^=]*=\(.*\)$'
    dirs=`sed -e "/$subpat/!d" -e 's//\1/' $conf`
    for d in $dirs
    do
      d=`echo $d | sed -e 's/[ 	]//g'`
      if test -x "$d/bin/my_print_defaults"
      then
        print_defaults="$d/bin/my_print_defaults"
        break
      fi
    done
  fi

  # Hope it's in the PATH ... but I doubt it
  test -z "$print_defaults" && print_defaults="my_print_defaults"
fi

#
# Read defaults file from 'basedir'.   If there is no defaults file there
# check if it's in the old (depricated) place (datadir) and read it from there
#

extra_args=""
if test -r "$basedir/my.cnf"
then
  extra_args="-e $basedir/my.cnf"
fi

parse_server_arguments `$print_defaults $extra_args mysqld server mysql_server mysql.server`

#
# Set pid file if not given
#
if test -z "$mysqld_pid_file_path"
then
  mysqld_pid_file_path=$datadir/`hostname`.pid
else
  case "$mysqld_pid_file_path" in
    /* ) ;;
    * )  mysqld_pid_file_path="$datadir/$mysqld_pid_file_path" ;;
  esac
fi

case "$mode" in
  'start')
    # Start daemon

    # Safeguard (relative paths, core dumps..)
    cd $basedir

    echo $echo_n "Starting MySQL"
    if test -x $bindir/mysqld_safe
    then
      # Give extra arguments to mysqld with the my.cnf file. This script
      # may be overwritten at next upgrade.
      $bindir/mysqld_safe --datadir="$datadir" --pid-file="$mysqld_pid_file_path" $other_args >/dev/null &
      wait_for_pid created "$!" "$mysqld_pid_file_path"; return_value=$?

      # Make lock for RedHat / SuSE
      if test -w "$lockdir"
      then
        touch "$lock_file_path"
      fi

      exit $return_value
    else
      log_failure_msg "Couldn't find MySQL server ($bindir/mysqld_safe)"
    fi
    ;;

  'stop')
    # Stop daemon. We use a signal here to avoid having to know the
    # root password.

    if test -s "$mysqld_pid_file_path"
    then
      # signal mysqld_safe that it needs to stop
      touch "$mysqld_pid_file_path.shutdown"

      mysqld_pid=`cat "$mysqld_pid_file_path"`

      if (kill -0 $mysqld_pid 2>/dev/null)
      then
        echo $echo_n "Shutting down MySQL"
        kill $mysqld_pid
        # mysqld should remove the pid file when it exits, so wait for it.
        wait_for_pid removed "$mysqld_pid" "$mysqld_pid_file_path"; return_value=$?
      else
        log_failure_msg "MySQL server process #$mysqld_pid is not running!"
        rm "$mysqld_pid_file_path"
      fi

      # Delete lock for RedHat / SuSE
      if test -f "$lock_file_path"
      then
        rm -f "$lock_file_path"
      fi
      exit $return_value
    else
      log_failure_msg "MySQL server PID file could not be found!"
    fi
    ;;

  'restart')
    # Stop the service and regardless of whether it was
    # running or not, start it again.
    if $0 stop  $other_args; then
      $0 start $other_args
    else
      log_failure_msg "Failed to stop running server, so refusing to try to start."
      exit 1
    fi
    ;;

  'reload'|'force-reload')
    if test -s "$mysqld_pid_file_path" ; then
      read mysqld_pid <  "$mysqld_pid_file_path"
      kill -HUP $mysqld_pid && log_success_msg "Reloading service MySQL"
      touch "$mysqld_pid_file_path"
    else
      log_failure_msg "MySQL PID file could not be found!"
      exit 1
    fi
    ;;
  'status')
    # First, check to see if pid file exists
    if test -s "$mysqld_pid_file_path" ; then 
      read mysqld_pid < "$mysqld_pid_file_path"
      if kill -0 $mysqld_pid 2>/dev/null ; then 
        log_success_msg "MySQL running ($mysqld_pid)"
        exit 0
      else
        log_failure_msg "MySQL is not running, but PID file exists"
        exit 1
      fi
    else
      # Try to find appropriate mysqld process
      mysqld_pid=`pidof $libexecdir/mysqld`

      # test if multiple pids exist
      pid_count=`echo $mysqld_pid | wc -w`
      if test $pid_count -gt 1 ; then
        log_failure_msg "Multiple MySQL running but PID file could not be found ($mysqld_pid)"
        exit 5
      elif test -z $mysqld_pid ; then 
        if test -f "$lock_file_path" ; then 
          log_failure_msg "MySQL is not running, but lock file ($lock_file_path) exists"
          exit 2
        fi 
        log_failure_msg "MySQL is not running"
        exit 3
      else
        log_failure_msg "MySQL is running but PID file could not be found"
        exit 4
      fi
    fi
    ;;
    *)
      # usage
      basename=`basename "$0"`
      echo "Usage: $basename  {start|stop|restart|reload|force-reload|status}  [ MySQL server options ]"
      exit 1
    ;;
esac

exit 0

启动mysql服务

systemctl start mysql    #启动
systemctl stop  mysql    #停止服务
systemctl status  mysql   #检测状态