飞蛾扑火问题
d r = − r d θ sin ( π 2 − α ) r = e − θ cos α \begin{aligned} & dr=-rd\theta\sin(\frac{\pi}{2}-\alpha) \\ & r=e^{-\theta\cos\alpha} \\ \end{aligned} dr=−rdθsin(2π−α)r=e−θcosα
悬链线
微分法
T sin θ = ρ g s , T cos θ = H y ′ = 1 a ∫ 0 x 1 + y ′ 2 d x d p d x = 1 a 1 + p 2 y = a 2 ( e x a + e − x a ) \begin{aligned} & T\sin\theta=\rho gs,T\cos\theta=H \\ & y'=\frac{1}{a}\int_0^x\sqrt{1+y'^2}\text{d}x \\ & \frac{\text{d}p}{\text{d}x}=\frac{1}{a}\sqrt{1+p^2} \\ & y=\frac{a}{2}(\text{e}^{\frac{x}{a}}+\text{e}^{-\frac{x}{a}}) \\ \end{aligned} Tsinθ=ρgs,Tcosθ=Hy′=a1∫0x1+y′2dxdxdp=a11+p2y=2a(eax+e−ax)
变分法
相同周长时圆的面积最大
设从
(
−
r
,
0
)
(-r,0)
(−r,0)点到
(
r
,
0
)
(r,0)
(r,0)点的曲线函数为
y
(
x
)
y(x)
y(x),曲线长度为
L
L
L,即在
∫
−
r
r
1
+
y
′
2
d
x
=
L
\int_{-r}^r\sqrt{1+y'^2}\text{d}x=L
∫−rr1+y′2dx=L
的约束条件下,求
J
=
∫
−
r
r
y
d
x
J=\int_{-r}^ry\text{d}x
J=∫−rrydx
的最大值。
设
z
(
x
)
=
∫
−
r
x
1
+
y
′
2
d
x
z(x)=\int_{-r}^x\sqrt{1+y'^2}\text{d}x
z(x)=∫−rx1+y′2dx
则
z
′
(
x
)
=
1
+
y
′
2
z'(x)=\sqrt{1+y'^2}
z′(x)=1+y′2
拉格朗日乘子法取
H
=
y
+
λ
(
z
′
2
−
y
′
2
−
1
)
H=y+\lambda(z'^2-y'^2-1)
H=y+λ(z′2−y′2−1)
则
∂
H
∂
y
−
d
d
x
∂
H
∂
y
′
=
0
1
=
−
2
(
λ
y
′
)
′
λ
y
′
=
a
x
∂
H
∂
z
−
d
d
x
∂
H
∂
z
′
=
0
λ
z
′
=
b
b
2
λ
2
=
a
2
x
2
λ
2
+
1
y
′
=
±
a
x
b
2
−
a
2
x
2
y
=
b
2
a
2
−
x
2
\begin{aligned} & \frac{\partial H}{\partial y}-\frac{\text{d}}{\text{d}x}\frac{\partial H}{\partial y'}=0 \\ & 1=-2(\lambda y')' \\ & \lambda y'=ax \\ & \frac{\partial H}{\partial z}-\frac{\text{d}}{\text{d}x}\frac{\partial H}{\partial z'}=0 \\ & \lambda z'=b \\ & \frac{b^2}{\lambda^2}=\frac{a^2x^2}{\lambda^2}+1 \\ & y'=\pm\frac{ax}{\sqrt{b^2-a^2x^2}} \\ & y=\sqrt{\frac{b^2}{a^2}-x^2} \\ \end{aligned}
∂y∂H−dxd∂y′∂H=01=−2(λy′)′λy′=ax∂z∂H−dxd∂z′∂H=0λz′=bλ2b2=λ2a2x2+1y′=±b2−a2x2axy=a2b2−x2
代入
y
(
−
r
)
=
y
(
r
)
=
0
y(-r)=y(r)=0
y(−r)=y(r)=0得
y
=
r
2
−
x
2
y=\sqrt{r^2-x^2}
y=r2−x2。