Model Checking for CTL(一)

1.1Reliability Computations

1.1.1Reliability of serial systems

有n个串行组件,R1...Rn表示其可靠性,则系统可靠性Rs=R1*R2*...Rn。

1.1.2Reliability of parallel systems

有n个并行组件,R1...Rn表示其可靠性,则系统可靠性如下:

因为其假设为n个组件中,有一个能工作,系统就能进入下一步工作。

1.1.3Reliability of combined systems

设子系统A有na个并行组件,子系统B有nb个并行组件,A、B子系统串行,则有公式如下:

总而言之,为1.1.1和1.1.2公式之和。

2Model checking labeled Transition Systems

2.1、2.2介绍标记变迁系统(LTS),2.3介绍运算树逻辑,用于表达LTS的属性,2.4最后介绍算法。

2.1Labeled transition systems

一般通过有向图表示,点表示状态,线表示状态的迁移。用于表现系统行为。原子特性适用于表现状态持有的简单事实,可以被视为标签。原子特征集用AP表示。

LTS的定义1:

样例:

2.2System Evolution 

LTS估算可以用有限的或无限的状态序列表示的路径来描述。

此外,系统的演化可以用无限的状态树表示,名曰运算树。其中每一条路径,都是时间分支的概念,不同路径表示在不同时空下系统的行为,系统的下一步行为是随机的。

2.3Computational Tree Logic

计算树逻辑关心系统未来的演化。CTL语义区分状态和路径特征。状态是原子特征的逻辑结合;路径特征是当时的路径的特征(废话)。这个路径特征可以分为always-operator和until-operator。一条路径上所有状态都符合某种状态公式,则用always-operator;一条路径上所有状态都符合某种状态公式,直到某个状态开始不符合,使用until-operator。

CTL中所有路径特征可以分为exists和forall。 

状态公式用Φ表示,路径公式用φ表示。

其中tt表示true,每个状态如此,a属于AP,∃表示exists,∀表示forall。状态可以是某种路径。

X是next操作符,U是until操作符。XΦ表示该路径下一个状态一定符合Φ;Φ U Ψ表示路径上一直符合Φ ,直到变成Ψ。

♦Φ表示该路径最后的状态符合Φ。

Model checking is a technique for verifying finite state concurrent systems such as sequential circuit designs and communication protocols. It has a number of advantages over traditional approaches that are based on simulation, testing, and deductive reasoning. In particular, model checking is automatic and usually quite fast. Also, if the design contains an error, model checking will produce a counterexample that can be used to pinpoint the source of the error. The method, which was awarded the 1998 ACM Paris Kanellakis Award for Theory and Practice, has been used successfully in practice to verify real industrial designs, and companies are beginning to market commercial model checkers. The main challenge in model checking is dealing with the state space explosion problem. This problem occurs in systems with many components that can interact with each other or systems with data structures that can assume many different values. In such cases the number of global states can be enormous. Researchers have made considerable progress on this problem over the last ten years. This is the first comprehensive presentation of the theory and practice of model checking. The book, which includes basic as well as state-of-the-art techniques, algorithms, and tools, can be used both as an introduction to the subject and as a reference for researchers. About the Authors Edmund M. Clarke, a pioneer of the automated method called Model Checking, is FORE Systems Professor of Computer Science and Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University, and a winner of the 2007 Turing Award given by the Association for Computing Machinery. Doron Peled is Professor of Computer Science at the University of Warwick, Coventry, UK. Endorsements "Model Checking is bound to be the pre-eminent source for research, teaching, and industrial practice on this important subject. The authors include the foremost experts. This is the first truly comprehensive treatment of a line of research that has gone from conception to industrial practice in only two decades." —R. P. Kurshan, Distinguished Member Technical Staff, Bell Laboratories
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