分解因式
(1). p 2 ( a − 1 ) + p ( 1 − a ) p^2(a-1)+p(1-a) p2(a−1)+p(1−a)
= p 2 ( a − 1 ) − ( a − 1 ) p^2(a-1)-(a-1) p2(a−1)−(a−1)
= p ( a − 1 ) ( p − 1 ) p(a-1)(p-1) p(a−1)(p−1)
(2). ( a 2 − a ) 2 − 14 ( a 2 − a ) + 24 (a^2-a)^2-14(a^2-a)+24 (a2−a)2−14(a2−a)+24
= ( a 2 − a − 2 ) ( a 2 − a − 12 ) (a^2-a-2)(a^2-a-12) (a2−a−2)(a2−a−12)
= ( a − 2 ) ( a + 1 ) ( a − 4 ) ( a + 3 ) (a-2)(a+1)(a-4)(a+3) (a−2)(a+1)(a−4)(a+3)
(3). a b + b 2 + a − b − 2 ab+b^2+a-b-2 ab+b2+a−b−2
= b ( a + b ) + ( a + b ) − 2 ( b + 1 ) b(a+b)+(a+b)-2(b+1) b(a+b)+(a+b)−2(b+1)
= ( b + 1 ) ( a + b ) − 2 ( b + 1 ) (b+1)(a+b)-2(b+1) (b+1)(a+b)−2(b+1)
= ( b + 1 ) ( a + b − 2 ) (b+1)(a+b-2) (b+1)(a+b−2)
(4). 2 x 4 + 13 x 3 + 20 x 2 + 11 x + 2 2x^4+13x^3+20x^2+11x+2 2x4+13x3+20x2+11x+2
= 2 x 4 + 13 x 3 + 6 x 2 + 14 x 2 + 11 x + 2 2x^4+13x^3+6x^2+14x^2+11x+2 2x4+13x3+6x2+14x2+11x+2
= x 2 ( 2 x + 1 ) ( x + 6 ) + ( 2 x + 1 ) ( 7 x + 2 ) x^2(2x+1)(x+6)+(2x+1)(7x+2) x2(2x+1)(x+6)+(2x+1)(7x+2)
= ( 2 x + 1 ) ( x 3 + 6 x 2 + 7 x + 2 ) (2x+1)(x^3+6x^2+7x+2) (2x+1)(x3+6x2+7x+2)
= ( 2 x + 1 ) [ x ( x 2 + 6 x + 5 ) + 2 ( x + 1 ) ] (2x+1)[x(x^2+6x+5)+2(x+1)] (2x+1)[x(x2+6x+5)+2(x+1)]
= ( 2 x + 1 ) ( x + 1 ) ( x 2 + 5 x + 2 ) (2x+1)(x+1)(x^2+5x+2) (2x+1)(x+1)(x2+5x+2)
(5). 6 x 2 + x y − 15 y 2 + 4 x − 25 y − 10 6x^2+xy-15y^2+4x-25y-10 6x2+xy−15y2+4x−25y−10
= ( 2 x − 3 y ) ( 3 x + 5 y ) + ( 4 x − 25 y ) − 10 (2x-3y)(3x+5y)+(4x-25y)-10 (2x−3y)(3x+5y)+(4x−25y)−10
= ( 2 x − 3 y − 2 ) ( 3 x + 5 y + 5 ) (2x-3y-2)(3x+5y+5) (2x−3y−2)(3x+5y+5)
(6). 如果把多项式 x 2 − 8 x + m x^2-8x+m x2−8x+m 分解因式得 ( x − 10 ) ( x + n ) (x-10)(x+n) (x−10)(x+n),求 m 、 n m、n m、n的值。
( x − 10 ) ( x + n ) = x 2 + ( 10 − n ) x − 10 n (x-10)(x+n)=x^2+(10-n)x-10n (x−10)(x+n)=x2+(10−n)x−10n
n − 10 = − 8 n-10=-8 n−10=−8
− 10 n = m -10n=m −10n=m
n = − 2 n=-2 n=−2
m = 20 m=20 m=20
(7). 已知 3 a + 3 b = − 9 3a+3b=-9 3a+3b=−9,求 2 a 2 + 4 a b + 2 b 2 − 6 2a^2+4ab+2b^2-6 2a2+4ab+2b2−6 的值。
a + b = − 3 a+b=-3 a+b=−3
2 a 2 + 4 a b + 2 b 2 − 6 2a^2+4ab+2b^2-6 2a2+4ab+2b2−6
= 2 ( a + b ) 2 − 6 2(a+b)^2-6 2(a+b)2−6
= 12 12 12
(8). 设 a ( a − 1 ) − ( a 2 − b ) = 2 a(a-1)-(a^2-b)=2 a(a−1)−(a2−b)=2 ,求 a 2 + b 2 2 − a b \frac {a^2+b^2}2-ab 2a2+b2−ab 的值。
a ( a − 1 ) − ( a 2 − b ) = 2 a(a-1)-(a^2-b)=2 a(a−1)−(a2−b)=2
= a 2 − a − a 2 + b a^2-a-a^2+b a2−a−a2+b
= − a + b = 2 -a+b=2 −a+b=2
a 2 + b 2 2 − a b = a 2 + b 2 − 2 a b 2 = ( a − b ) 2 2 = 2 \frac {a^2+b^2}2-ab=\frac {a^2+b^2-2ab}2=\frac{(a-b)^2}{2}=2 2a2+b2−ab=2a2+b2−2ab=2(a−b)2=2
1.把下列各式分解因式:
(1)
x
2
+
2
y
−
y
2
−
2
x
x^2+2y-y^2-2x
x2+2y−y2−2x
= ( x 2 − y 2 ) − ( 2 x − 2 y ) (x^2-y^2)-(2x-2y) (x2−y2)−(2x−2y)
= ( x + y ) ( x − y ) − 2 ( x − y ) (x+y)(x-y)-2(x-y) (x+y)(x−y)−2(x−y)
= ( x + y − 2 ) ( x − y ) (x+y-2)(x-y) (x+y−2)(x−y)
(2) 2 a 2 + b c 2 − a 2 b − 2 a c 2a^2+bc^2-a^2b-2ac 2a2+bc2−a2b−2ac
= ( 2 a 2 − 2 a c ) + ( b c 2 − a 2 b ) (2a^2-2ac)+(bc^2-a^2b) (2a2−2ac)+(bc2−a2b)
= 2 a ( a − c ) − b ( a 2 − c 2 ) 2a(a-c)-b(a^2-c^2) 2a(a−c)−b(a2−c2)
= 2 a ( a − c ) − b ( a − c ) ( a + c ) 2a(a-c)-b(a-c)(a+c) 2a(a−c)−b(a−c)(a+c)
= ( a − c ) ( 2 a − a b − b c ) (a-c)(2a-ab-bc) (a−c)(2a−ab−bc)
(3) a 2 + b 2 + 2 a c + 2 b c + 2 a b a^2+b^2+2ac+2bc+2ab a2+b2+2ac+2bc+2ab
= ( a 2 + 2 a b + b 2 ) + ( 2 a c + 2 b c ) (a^2+2ab+b^2)+(2ac+2bc) (a2+2ab+b2)+(2ac+2bc)
= ( a + b ) 2 + 2 c ( a + b ) (a+b)^2+2c(a+b) (a+b)2+2c(a+b)
= ( a + b ) ( a + b + 2 c ) (a+b)(a+b+2c) (a+b)(a+b+2c)
(4) 4 x 2 + y 2 − z 2 − 4 x y 4x^2+y^2-z^2-4xy 4x2+y2−z2−4xy
= ( 2 x − y ) 2 − z 2 (2x-y)^2-z^2 (2x−y)2−z2
= ( 2 x − y + z ) ( 2 x − y − z ) (2x-y+z)(2x-y-z) (2x−y+z)(2x−y−z)
2.把下列关于
x
x
x 的二次多项式因式分解
(1)
x
2
+
x
−
1
x^2+x-1
x2+x−1
= ( x + 1 + 5 2 ) ( x − 1 + 5 2 ) (x+\frac {1+\sqrt 5}2)(x-\frac {1+\sqrt 5}2) (x+21+5)(x−21+5)
(2) x 2 + 4 x y − 4 y 2 x^2+4xy-4y^2 x2+4xy−4y2
= [ x + 2 ( 1 − 2 ) y ] [ x + 2 ( 1 + 2 ) y ] [x+2(1-\sqrt 2)y][x+2(1+\sqrt 2)y] [x+2(1−2)y][x+2(1+2)y]
1.分解因式: x 2 − y 2 − 2 y − 1 x^2-y^2-2y-1 x2−y2−2y−1
= x 2 − ( y 2 + 2 y + 1 ) x^2-(y^2+2y+1) x2−(y2+2y+1)
= x 2 − ( y + 1 ) 2 x^2-(y+1)^2 x2−(y+1)2
= ( x + y + 1 ) ( x − y − 1 ) (x+y+1)(x-y-1) (x+y+1)(x−y−1)
2.把 2 ( a 2 − 3 m n ) + a ( 4 m − 3 n ) 2(a^2-3mn)+a(4m-3n) 2(a2−3mn)+a(4m−3n) 因式分解
= 2 a 2 − 6 m n + 4 a m − 3 a n 2a^2-6mn+4am-3an 2a2−6mn+4am−3an
= 2 a ( a + 2 m ) − 3 n ( a + 2 m ) 2a(a+2m)-3n(a+2m) 2a(a+2m)−3n(a+2m)
= ( a + 2 m ) ( 2 a − 3 n ) (a+2m)(2a-3n) (a+2m)(2a−3n)
分组分解法
定义
先分组,再分组分解,然后提公因式
应用
能分组分解的式子有四项或六项或大于六项,一般的分组分解有两种形式:二二分法,三一分法。
比如:
a x + a y + b x + b y ax+ay+bx+by ax+ay+bx+by
= a ( x + y ) + b ( x + y ) a(x+y)+b(x+y) a(x+y)+b(x+y)
= ( a + b ) ( x + y ) (a+b)(x+y) (a+b)(x+y)
1.用分组分解法把 4 x 2 − 2 x − y 2 − y 4x^2-2x-y^2-y 4x2−2x−y2−y 因式分解。
= ( 4 x 2 − y 2 ) − ( 2 x + y ) (4x^2-y^2)-(2x+y) (4x2−y2)−(2x+y)
= ( 2 x − y ) ( 2 x + y ) − ( 2 x + y ) (2x-y)(2x+y)-(2x+y) (2x−y)(2x+y)−(2x+y)
= ( 2 x + y ) ( 2 x − y − 1 ) (2x+y)(2x-y-1) (2x+y)(2x−y−1)
(1)在实数范围内分解因式: x 5 − 64 x^5-64 x5−64 .
= x ( x 2 + 8 ) ( x + 2 2 ) ( x − 2 2 ) x(x^2+8)(x+2\sqrt 2)(x-2\sqrt 2) x(x2+8)(x+22)(x−22)
(2)已知 a , b , c , d a,b,c,d a,b,c,d为非负整数,且 a c + b d + a d + b c = 1997 ac+bd+ad+bc=1997 ac+bd+ad+bc=1997 ,求 a + b + c + d a+b+c+d a+b+c+d 的值。
a c + b d + a d + b c = ( a + b ) ( c + d ) = 1997 ac+bd+ad+bc=(a+b)(c+d)=1997 ac+bd+ad+bc=(a+b)(c+d)=1997
又因为1997为质数
不妨 a + b = 1 a+b=1 a+b=1&& c + d = 1997 c+d=1997 c+d=1997
a + b + c + d = 1998 a+b+c+d=1998 a+b+c+d=1998
(3)已知 a , b , c a,b,c a,b,c 是一个三角形的三边,求证: a 4 + b 4 + c 4 − 2 a 2 b 2 − 2 b 2 c 2 − 2 c 2 a 2 < 0 a^4+b^4+c^4-2a^2b^2-2b^2c^2-2c^2a^2<0 a4+b4+c4−2a2b2−2b2c2−2c2a2<0
= a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + 2 a 2 b 2 − 2 b 2 c 2 − 2 c 2 a 2 − 4 a 2 b 2 a^4+b^4+c^4+2a^2b^2-2b^2c^2-2c^2a^2-4a^2b^2 a4+b4+c4+2a2b2−2b2c2−2c2a2−4a2b2
= ( a 2 + b 2 − c 2 ) 2 − 4 a 2 b 2 (a^2+b^2-c^2)^2-4a^2b^2 (a2+b2−c2)2−4a2b2
= ( a + b + c ) ( a + b − c ) ( a − b + c ) ( a − b − c ) (a+b+c)(a+b-c)(a-b+c)(a-b-c) (a+b+c)(a+b−c)(a−b+c)(a−b−c)
由三角形两边之长大于第三边即判断正负
(4) 已知 x + y = 3 , x 2 + y 2 − x y = 4 x+y=3, x^2+y^2-xy=4 x+y=3,x2+y2−xy=4 ,求 x 4 + y 4 + x 3 y + x y 3 x^4+y^4+x^3y+xy^3 x4+y4+x3y+xy3 的值。
x 4 + y 4 + x 3 y + x y 3 x^4+y^4+x^3y+xy^3 x4+y4+x3y+xy3
= x 3 ( x + y ) + y 3 ( x + y ) x^3(x+y)+y^3(x+y) x3(x+y)+y3(x+y)
= ( x 3 + y 3 ) ( x + y ) (x^3+y^3)(x+y) (x3+y3)(x+y)
= ( x + y ) 2 ( x 2 − x y + y 2 ) (x+y)^2(x^2-xy+y^2) (x+y)2(x2−xy+y2)
= 3 2 ⋅ 4 3^2\cdot4 32⋅4
= 12