已知正奇数 n n n 满足
n ∣ ∑ k = 1 n k 2014 n\mid \sum_{k=1}^nk^{2014} n∣k=1∑nk2014
证明:
n 2 ∣ ∑ k = 1 n k 2015 n^2\mid\sum_{k=1}^nk^{2015} n2∣k=1∑nk2015
证:
一般化,将2015改为不小于3的奇数
m
m
m.
下面证明:若
n ∣ ∑ k = 1 n k m − 1 n\mid\sum_{k=1}^nk^{m-1} n∣k=1∑nkm−1
则
n 2 ∣ ∑ k = 1 n k m n^2\mid\sum_{k=1}^nk^m n2∣k=1∑nkm
为此,设
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k
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1
n
k
m
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1
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n
q
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\sum_{k=1}^nk^{m-1}=nq.
k=1∑nkm−1=nq.
由
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m
\sum_{k=1}^nk^m=\sum_{k=0}^nk^m=\sum_{k=0}^n(n-k)^m
k=1∑nkm=k=0∑nkm=k=0∑n(n−k)m
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n
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n
m
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C
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k
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⋯
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=\sum_{k=0}^n(n^m-C_m^1n^{m-1}k+C_m^2n^{m-2}k^2-\cdots-C_m^{m-2}n^2k^{m-2}+C_m^{m-1}nk^{m-1}-k^m)
=k=0∑n(nm−Cm1nm−1k+Cm2nm−2k2−⋯−Cmm−2n2km−2+Cmm−1nkm−1−km)
=
n
2
S
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m
n
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1
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k
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k
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=n^2S+mn\sum_{k=0}^nk^{m-1}-\sum_{k=0}^nk^m
=n2S+mnk=0∑nkm−1−k=0∑nkm
=
n
2
S
+
n
2
m
q
−
∑
k
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0
n
k
m
=n^2S+n^2mq-\sum_{k=0}^nk^m
=n2S+n2mq−k=0∑nkm
则
2
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S
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2\sum_{k=1}^nk^m=n^2(S+nq).
2k=1∑nkm=n2(S+nq).
于是,
n
2
∣
2
∑
k
=
1
n
k
m
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n^2\mid2\sum_{k=1}^nk^m.
n2∣2k=1∑nkm.
而
n
n
n 为奇数,因此
n
2
∣
∑
k
=
1
n
k
m
.
n^2\mid\sum_{k=1}^nk^m.
n2∣k=1∑nkm.