Python Gym ImportError cannot import name ‘rendering‘ from ‘gym.envs.classic_control‘

​ 本文主要环境版本：gym: 0.23.0, ale-py: 0.7.4, atari-py: 1.2.2,python:3.7

​ 在安装了Gym环境后，成功运行了基础Demo（CartPole-v0）后，发现Atari，有更好玩的经典游戏，比如打砖块、乒乓球等。

​ 在经历了N多苦难后，终于安装好了Atari, 导入了roms后，并且环境（env）已经加载成功了，主要代码如下：

import time
import gym
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

env = gym.make('BreakoutNoFrameskip-v4')
# env = gym.make('ALE/Breakout-v4')
print("Observation Space: ", env.observation_space)
print("Action Space       ", env.action_space)


obs = env.reset()

for i in range(1000):
    env.render()
    action = env.action_space.sample()
    obs, reward, done, info = env.step(action)
    time.sleep(0.01)
env.close()

运行后，Output如下：

Observation Space:  Box(0, 255, (210, 160, 3), uint8)
Action Space        Discrete(4)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:/Users/31661/PycharmProjects/AILearning/gym/BreakOut.py", line 15, in <module>
    env.render()
  File "F:\miniconda3\envs\Gym\lib\site-packages\gym\core.py", line 286, in render
    return self.env.render(mode, **kwargs)
  File "F:\miniconda3\envs\Gym\lib\site-packages\gym\core.py", line 286, in render
    return self.env.render(mode, **kwargs)
  File "F:\miniconda3\envs\Gym\lib\site-packages\gym\envs\atari\environment.py", line 264, in render
    from gym.envs.classic_control import rendering
ImportError: cannot import name 'rendering' from 'gym.envs.classic_control' (F:\miniconda3\envs\Gym\lib\site-packages\gym\envs\classic_control\__init__.py)

​ 环境都已加载好，并且输出了观察空间和动作空间，怎么渲染也页面（render）的时候会报错。

​ 在经历过重装Atari、更改为Linux上安装等一些列的尝试，并且失败后，简直要崩溃。最后的所有尝试，都归于一个错误：

​ ImportError: cannot import name ‘rendering’ from ‘gym.envs.classic_control’

​ 山重水复疑无路，柳暗花明又一村。在看GitHub上非maser分支的源码时，发现了一处不对的地方，主要区别如下图：

​ 上面两张图是Gym不同分支下的classic_control文件夹，rendering.py文件应该是Gym在某个版本，更新是被去除了。但是不知道为啥，Atari的游戏环境加载却无法渲染页面。。

​ 找到了问题，那就好办了，只要吧rendering.py复制到你电脑中gym->envs->classic_control中，新建rendering.py文件，然后将内容复制进去即可。Github链接.

"""
2D rendering framework
"""
from __future__ import division
import os
import six
import sys

if "Apple" in sys.version:
    if 'DYLD_FALLBACK_LIBRARY_PATH' in os.environ:
        os.environ['DYLD_FALLBACK_LIBRARY_PATH'] += ':/usr/lib'
        # (JDS 2016/04/15): avoid bug on Anaconda 2.3.0 / Yosemite

from gym import error

try:
    import pyglet
except ImportError as e:
    raise ImportError('''
    Cannot import pyglet.
    HINT: you can install pyglet directly via 'pip install pyglet'.
    But if you really just want to install all Gym dependencies and not have to think about it,
    'pip install -e .[all]' or 'pip install gym[all]' will do it.
    ''')

try:
    from pyglet.gl import *
except ImportError as e:
    raise ImportError('''
    Error occurred while running `from pyglet.gl import *`
    HINT: make sure you have OpenGL install. On Ubuntu, you can run 'apt-get install python-opengl'.
    If you're running on a server, you may need a virtual frame buffer; something like this should work:
    'xvfb-run -s \"-screen 0 1400x900x24\" python <your_script.py>'
    ''')

import math
import numpy as np

RAD2DEG = 57.29577951308232

def get_display(spec):
    """Convert a display specification (such as :0) into an actual Display
    object.
    Pyglet only supports multiple Displays on Linux.
    """
    if spec is None:
        return None
    elif isinstance(spec, six.string_types):
        return pyglet.canvas.Display(spec)
    else:
        raise error.Error('Invalid display specification: {}. (Must be a string like :0 or None.)'.format(spec))

class Viewer(object):
    def __init__(self, width, height, display=None):
        display = get_display(display)

        self.width = width
        self.height = height
        self.window = pyglet.window.Window(width=width, height=height, display=display)
        self.window.on_close = self.window_closed_by_user
        self.isopen = True
        self.geoms = []
        self.onetime_geoms = []
        self.transform = Transform()

        glEnable(GL_BLEND)
        glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA)

    def close(self):
        self.window.close()

    def window_closed_by_user(self):
        self.isopen = False

    def set_bounds(self, left, right, bottom, top):
        assert right > left and top > bottom
        scalex = self.width/(right-left)
        scaley = self.height/(top-bottom)
        self.transform = Transform(
            translation=(-left*scalex, -bottom*scaley),
            scale=(scalex, scaley))

    def add_geom(self, geom):
        self.geoms.append(geom)

    def add_onetime(self, geom):
        self.onetime_geoms.append(geom)

    def render(self, return_rgb_array=False):
        glClearColor(1,1,1,1)
        self.window.clear()
        self.window.switch_to()
        self.window.dispatch_events()
        self.transform.enable()
        for geom in self.geoms:
            geom.render()
        for geom in self.onetime_geoms:
            geom.render()
        self.transform.disable()
        arr = None
        if return_rgb_array:
            buffer = pyglet.image.get_buffer_manager().get_color_buffer()
            image_data = buffer.get_image_data()
            arr = np.frombuffer(image_data.data, dtype=np.uint8)
            # In https://github.com/openai/gym-http-api/issues/2, we
            # discovered that someone using Xmonad on Arch was having
            # a window of size 598 x 398, though a 600 x 400 window
            # was requested. (Guess Xmonad was preserving a pixel for
            # the boundary.) So we use the buffer height/width rather
            # than the requested one.
            arr = arr.reshape(buffer.height, buffer.width, 4)
            arr = arr[::-1,:,0:3]
        self.window.flip()
        self.onetime_geoms = []
        return arr if return_rgb_array else self.isopen

    # Convenience
    def draw_circle(self, radius=10, res=30, filled=True, **attrs):
        geom = make_circle(radius=radius, res=res, filled=filled)
        _add_attrs(geom, attrs)
        self.add_onetime(geom)
        return geom

    def draw_polygon(self, v, filled=True, **attrs):
        geom = make_polygon(v=v, filled=filled)
        _add_attrs(geom, attrs)
        self.add_onetime(geom)
        return geom

    def draw_polyline(self, v, **attrs):
        geom = make_polyline(v=v)
        _add_attrs(geom, attrs)
        self.add_onetime(geom)
        return geom

    def draw_line(self, start, end, **attrs):
        geom = Line(start, end)
        _add_attrs(geom, attrs)
        self.add_onetime(geom)
        return geom

    def get_array(self):
        self.window.flip()
        image_data = pyglet.image.get_buffer_manager().get_color_buffer().get_image_data()
        self.window.flip()
        arr = np.fromstring(image_data.data, dtype=np.uint8, sep='')
        arr = arr.reshape(self.height, self.width, 4)
        return arr[::-1,:,0:3]

    def __del__(self):
        self.close()

def _add_attrs(geom, attrs):
    if "color" in attrs:
        geom.set_color(*attrs["color"])
    if "linewidth" in attrs:
        geom.set_linewidth(attrs["linewidth"])

class Geom(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self._color=Color((0, 0, 0, 1.0))
        self.attrs = [self._color]
    def render(self):
        for attr in reversed(self.attrs):
            attr.enable()
        self.render1()
        for attr in self.attrs:
            attr.disable()
    def render1(self):
        raise NotImplementedError
    def add_attr(self, attr):
        self.attrs.append(attr)
    def set_color(self, r, g, b):
        self._color.vec4 = (r, g, b, 1)

class Attr(object):
    def enable(self):
        raise NotImplementedError
    def disable(self):
        pass

class Transform(Attr):
    def __init__(self, translation=(0.0, 0.0), rotation=0.0, scale=(1,1)):
        self.set_translation(*translation)
        self.set_rotation(rotation)
        self.set_scale(*scale)
    def enable(self):
        glPushMatrix()
        glTranslatef(self.translation[0], self.translation[1], 0) # translate to GL loc ppint
        glRotatef(RAD2DEG * self.rotation, 0, 0, 1.0)
        glScalef(self.scale[0], self.scale[1], 1)
    def disable(self):
        glPopMatrix()
    def set_translation(self, newx, newy):
        self.translation = (float(newx), float(newy))
    def set_rotation(self, new):
        self.rotation = float(new)
    def set_scale(self, newx, newy):
        self.scale = (float(newx), float(newy))

class Color(Attr):
    def __init__(self, vec4):
        self.vec4 = vec4
    def enable(self):
        glColor4f(*self.vec4)

class LineStyle(Attr):
    def __init__(self, style):
        self.style = style
    def enable(self):
        glEnable(GL_LINE_STIPPLE)
        glLineStipple(1, self.style)
    def disable(self):
        glDisable(GL_LINE_STIPPLE)

class LineWidth(Attr):
    def __init__(self, stroke):
        self.stroke = stroke
    def enable(self):
        glLineWidth(self.stroke)

class Point(Geom):
    def __init__(self):
        Geom.__init__(self)
    def render1(self):
        glBegin(GL_POINTS) # draw point
        glVertex3f(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
        glEnd()

class FilledPolygon(Geom):
    def __init__(self, v):
        Geom.__init__(self)
        self.v = v
    def render1(self):
        if   len(self.v) == 4 : glBegin(GL_QUADS)
        elif len(self.v)  > 4 : glBegin(GL_POLYGON)
        else: glBegin(GL_TRIANGLES)
        for p in self.v:
            glVertex3f(p[0], p[1],0)  # draw each vertex
        glEnd()

def make_circle(radius=10, res=30, filled=True):
    points = []
    for i in range(res):
        ang = 2*math.pi*i / res
        points.append((math.cos(ang)*radius, math.sin(ang)*radius))
    if filled:
        return FilledPolygon(points)
    else:
        return PolyLine(points, True)

def make_polygon(v, filled=True):
    if filled: return FilledPolygon(v)
    else: return PolyLine(v, True)

def make_polyline(v):
    return PolyLine(v, False)

def make_capsule(length, width):
    l, r, t, b = 0, length, width/2, -width/2
    box = make_polygon([(l,b), (l,t), (r,t), (r,b)])
    circ0 = make_circle(width/2)
    circ1 = make_circle(width/2)
    circ1.add_attr(Transform(translation=(length, 0)))
    geom = Compound([box, circ0, circ1])
    return geom

class Compound(Geom):
    def __init__(self, gs):
        Geom.__init__(self)
        self.gs = gs
        for g in self.gs:
            g.attrs = [a for a in g.attrs if not isinstance(a, Color)]
    def render1(self):
        for g in self.gs:
            g.render()

class PolyLine(Geom):
    def __init__(self, v, close):
        Geom.__init__(self)
        self.v = v
        self.close = close
        self.linewidth = LineWidth(1)
        self.add_attr(self.linewidth)
    def render1(self):
        glBegin(GL_LINE_LOOP if self.close else GL_LINE_STRIP)
        for p in self.v:
            glVertex3f(p[0], p[1],0)  # draw each vertex
        glEnd()
    def set_linewidth(self, x):
        self.linewidth.stroke = x

class Line(Geom):
    def __init__(self, start=(0.0, 0.0), end=(0.0, 0.0)):
        Geom.__init__(self)
        self.start = start
        self.end = end
        self.linewidth = LineWidth(1)
        self.add_attr(self.linewidth)

    def render1(self):
        glBegin(GL_LINES)
        glVertex2f(*self.start)
        glVertex2f(*self.end)
        glEnd()

class Image(Geom):
    def __init__(self, fname, width, height):
        Geom.__init__(self)
        self.width = width
        self.height = height
        img = pyglet.image.load(fname)
        self.img = img
        self.flip = False
    def render1(self):
        self.img.blit(-self.width/2, -self.height/2, width=self.width, height=self.height)

# ================================================================

class SimpleImageViewer(object):
    def __init__(self, display=None, maxwidth=500):
        self.window = None
        self.isopen = False
        self.display = display
        self.maxwidth = maxwidth
    def imshow(self, arr):
        if self.window is None:
            height, width, _channels = arr.shape
            if width > self.maxwidth:
                scale = self.maxwidth / width
                width = int(scale * width)
                height = int(scale * height)
            self.window = pyglet.window.Window(width=width, height=height,
                display=self.display, vsync=False, resizable=True)
            self.width = width
            self.height = height
            self.isopen = True

            @self.window.event
            def on_resize(width, height):
                self.width = width
                self.height = height

            @self.window.event
            def on_close():
                self.isopen = False

        assert len(arr.shape) == 3, "You passed in an image with the wrong number shape"
        image = pyglet.image.ImageData(arr.shape[1], arr.shape[0],
            'RGB', arr.tobytes(), pitch=arr.shape[1]*-3)
        gl.glTexParameteri(gl.GL_TEXTURE_2D,
            gl.GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, gl.GL_NEAREST)
        texture = image.get_texture()
        texture.width = self.width
        texture.height = self.height
        self.window.clear()
        self.window.switch_to()
        self.window.dispatch_events()
        texture.blit(0, 0) # draw
        self.window.flip()
    def close(self):
        if self.isopen and sys.meta_path:
            # ^^^ check sys.meta_path to avoid 'ImportError: sys.meta_path is None, Python is likely shutting down'
            self.window.close()
            self.isopen = False

    def __del__(self):
        self.close()

​ 然后在classic_control中的init.py文件中，增加如下一行代码

from gym.envs.classic_control import rendering

​ 想运行Atari游戏的话，可能你还缺少pyglet包，也简单，pip install pyglet

​ 下面执行测试代码：

import time
import gym

env = gym.make('BreakoutNoFrameskip-v4')
# env = gym.make('ALE/Breakout-v4')
print("Observation Space: ", env.observation_space)
print("Action Space       ", env.action_space)


obs = env.reset()

for i in range(1000):
    env.render()
    action = env.action_space.sample()
    obs, reward, done, info = env.step(action)
    time.sleep(0.01)
env.close()

​ 运行后，终于出现了梦中的场景，完美！