Match Filter for PAM Signal
1. 接收信号
e
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t
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e(t)
e(t):
Tx端发送信号为:
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∑
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−
∞
∞
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g
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(1)
s(t)=\sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty}a_{m[k]}g(t-kT) \tag{1}
s(t)=k=−∞∑∞am[k]g(t−kT)(1)
RX端接收信号(暂不考虑衰减):
e
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(2)
e(t)=e^{j\varphi}\cdot (\sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty}a_{m[k]}g(t-kT-\Delta T))+n(t) \tag{2}
e(t)=ejφ⋅(k=−∞∑∞am[k]g(t−kT−ΔT))+n(t)(2)
其中
e
j
φ
e^{j\varphi}
ejφ为接收端将调制信号解调到基频时,由于发送端与接收端晶振器细微差距而产生的相差,
Δ
T
\Delta T
ΔT则为信号经过信道传输后的时延,
n
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t
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n(t)
n(t)则为高斯白噪声。
现在我们希望在接收端根据接收信号
e
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t
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e(t)
e(t),恢复出原始二进制码流,具体流程如下图。本文只对接收端Match Filter设计进行讨论。
2. Optimal detection of impulse signal
g
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t
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g(t)
g(t):
为简化分析流程,使用脉冲信号
g
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t
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g(t)
g(t)取代原有的发送信号
s
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t
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s(t)
s(t)
接收信号在
t
=
T
v
t=T_v
t=Tv时的信噪比为:
SNR
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∣
d
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T
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~
∣
2
σ
n
d
2
(3)
\text{SNR}_d=\frac{|\tilde{d(T_v)}|^2}{\sigma_{n_d}^2} \tag{3}
SNRd=σnd2∣d(Tv)~∣2(3)
Match Filter设计的核心思路就是使得(3)达到最大值。且必须注意的是,Match filter需要接收端事先知道发送信号作为先验信息(局限性)。
设计矛盾点:
a)信号完整性:
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g
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∗
h
E
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(4)
\tilde{d}(t)=g(t)*h_E(t) \tag{4}
d~(t)=g(t)∗hE(t)(4)
d
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g
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∗
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∣
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(5)
\tilde{d}(T_v)=g(t)*h_E(t)|_{t=T_v} \tag{5}
d~(Tv)=g(t)∗hE(t)∣t=Tv(5)
由上式可知,
H
E
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f
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H_E(f)
HE(f)设计的带宽越大,约不容易导致信号被截断,从而导致信号失真。
b)引入噪声:
σ
n
d
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=
N
o
2
∫
−
∞
∞
∣
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∣
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d
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(6)
\sigma_{n_d}^2=\frac{N_o}{2}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}|H_E(f)|^2df \tag{6}
σnd2=2No∫−∞∞∣HE(f)∣2df(6)
由此可知,
H
E
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f
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H_E(f)
HE(f)设计的带宽越大,引入的噪声越多。
因此
H
E
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f
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H_E(f)
HE(f)设计需要综合考虑这两个因素:
SNR
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∣
d
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T
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∣
2
σ
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∫
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∞
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∞
G
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H
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e
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2
π
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T
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d
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N
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∫
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∞
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∣
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d
f
(7)
\text{SNR}_d = \frac{|\tilde{d}(T_V)|^2}{\sigma_{n_d}^2} = \frac{\left| \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} G(f) H_E(f) e^{j2\pi f T_V} \, df \right|^2}{\frac{N_0}{2} \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} |H_E(f)|^2 \, df} \tag{7}
SNRd=σnd2∣d~(TV)∣2=2N0∫−∞+∞∣HE(f)∣2df
∫−∞+∞G(f)HE(f)ej2πfTVdf
2(7)
∣
d
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T
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∣
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∞
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∞
G
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π
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d
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∣
2
|\tilde{d}(T_V)|^2={\left| \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} G(f) H_E(f) e^{j2\pi f T_V} \, df \right|^2}
∣d~(TV)∣2=
∫−∞+∞G(f)HE(f)ej2πfTVdf
2原因如下:
D
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f
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=
G
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⋅
H
E
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d
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1
2
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∫
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∞
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G
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T
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d
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π
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d
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(8)
\begin{align*} \tilde{D}(f) &= G(f) \cdot H_E(f) \\ \tilde{d}(T_V) &= \frac{1}{2\pi} \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} G(w) \cdot H_E(w) \cdot e^{j w T_V} \, dw \\ &= \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} G(f) \cdot H_E(f) \cdot e^{j 2\pi f T_V} \, df \end{align*} \tag{8}
D~(f)d~(TV)=G(f)⋅HE(f)=2π1∫−∞+∞G(w)⋅HE(w)⋅ejwTVdw=∫−∞+∞G(f)⋅HE(f)⋅ej2πfTVdf(8)
为了推导出如何设计
H
E
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f
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H_E(f)
HE(f)使得(7)达到最大值,需要用到以下不等式:
∣
∫
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∞
+
∞
G
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H
E
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e
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2
π
f
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d
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≤
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∫
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∣
G
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∣
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∣
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1
d
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2
(9)
\left| \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} G(f) H_E(f) e^{j2\pi f T_V} \, df \right|^2 \leq \left[ \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} |G(f)| \cdot |H_E(f)| \cdot 1 \, df \right]^2 \tag{9}
∫−∞+∞G(f)HE(f)ej2πfTVdf
2≤[∫−∞+∞∣G(f)∣⋅∣HE(f)∣⋅1df]2(9)
(
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∞
+
∞
∣
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2
≤
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⋅
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∞
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d
f
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(10)
\left( \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} |G(f)| \cdot |H_E(f)| \, df \right)^2 \leq \left( \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} |G(f)|^2 \, df \right) \cdot \left( \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} |H_E(f)|^2 \, df \right) \tag{10}
(∫−∞+∞∣G(f)∣⋅∣HE(f)∣df)2≤(∫−∞+∞∣G(f)∣2df)⋅(∫−∞+∞∣HE(f)∣2df)(10)
因此(7)最大值为:
SNR
d
≤
(
∫
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∞
+
∞
∣
G
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∣
2
d
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⋅
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N
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d
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N
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(11)
\text{SNR}_d \leq \frac{\left( \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} |G(f)|^2 \, df \right) \cdot \left( \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} |H_E(f)|^2 \, df \right)}{\frac{N_0}{2} \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} |H_E(f)|^2 \, df} = \frac{\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} |G(f)|^2 \, df}{N_0/2} = \frac{E_g}{N_0/2} \tag{11}
SNRd≤2N0∫−∞+∞∣HE(f)∣2df(∫−∞+∞∣G(f)∣2df)⋅(∫−∞+∞∣HE(f)∣2df)=N0/2∫−∞+∞∣G(f)∣2df=N0/2Eg(11)
所以
H
E
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f
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H_E(f)
HE(f)设计为:
H
E
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f
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=
γ
G
∗
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f
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e
−
j
2
π
f
T
V
(12)
H_E(f) = \gamma \, G^*(f) \, e^{-j2\pi f T_V}\tag{12}
HE(f)=γG∗(f)e−j2πfTV(12)
h
E
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t
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=
γ
g
∗
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T
V
−
t
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(13)
h_E(t)= \gamma g^*(T_V - t)\tag{13}
hE(t)=γg∗(TV−t)(13)
其中
γ
\gamma
γ可以作为一个放大或缩小系数,用于调整
H
E
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f
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H_E(f)
HE(f)的幅度。
验证:
SNR
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=
∣
∫
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∞
+
∞
G
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γ
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∗
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e
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(14)
\text{SNR}_d = \frac{\left| \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} G(f) \gamma G^*(f) e^{-j2\pi f T_V} e^{j2\pi f T_V} \, df \right|^2}{\frac{N_0}{2} \gamma^2 \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} |G(f)|^2 \, df} = \frac{\gamma^2 E_g ^2}{\frac{N_0}{2} \gamma^2 E_g} = \frac{E_g}{N_0/2} \tag{14}
SNRd=2N0γ2∫−∞+∞∣G(f)∣2df
∫−∞+∞G(f)γG∗(f)e−j2πfTVej2πfTVdf
2=2N0γ2Egγ2Eg2=N0/2Eg(14)
应用
H
E
(
f
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H_E(f)
HE(f)后的检测信号为:
d
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=
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h
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γ
g
∗
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=
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∞
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∞
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∗
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∗
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[
g
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g
∗
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(15)
\begin{align*} \tilde{d}(t) &= \tilde{e}(t) * h_E(t) = \tilde{e}(t) * \gamma g^*(T_V - t) \\ &= \left[ \sum_{k=-\infty}^{+\infty} a_m[k] g(t - kT) \right] * \gamma g^*(T_V - t) \\ &= \gamma \sum_{k=-\infty}^{+\infty} a_m[k] \left[ g(t - kT) * g^*(T_V - t) \right] \end{align*} \tag{15}
d~(t)=e~(t)∗hE(t)=e~(t)∗γg∗(TV−t)=[k=−∞∑+∞am[k]g(t−kT)]∗γg∗(TV−t)=γk=−∞∑+∞am[k][g(t−kT)∗g∗(TV−t)](15)
g ( t − k T ) ∗ g ∗ ( T V − t ) = ∫ − ∞ + ∞ g ∗ ( T V − t + τ ) g ( τ − k T ) d τ = ∫ − ∞ + ∞ g ∗ ( T V − t + τ ′ ) g ( τ ′ − k T ) d τ ′ Substitution: τ ′ = τ − t + T V , d τ = d τ ′ : = ∫ − ∞ + ∞ g ( τ ′ + t − T V − k T ) g ∗ ( τ ′ ) d τ ′ = φ g g ( t − k T − T V ) (16) \begin{align*} g(t - kT) * g^*(T_V - t) &= \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} g^*(T_V - t + \tau) g(\tau - kT) \, d\tau \\ &= \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} g^*(T_V - t + \tau') g(\tau' - kT) \, d\tau' \quad \\ \text{Substitution: } \tau' = \tau - t + T_V, \, d\tau = d\tau': \\ &= \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} g(\tau' + t - T_V - kT) g^*(\tau') \, d\tau' \\ &= \varphi_{gg}(t - kT - T_V) \quad \end{align*} \tag{16} g(t−kT)∗g∗(TV−t)Substitution: τ′=τ−t+TV,dτ=dτ′:=∫−∞+∞g∗(TV−t+τ)g(τ−kT)dτ=∫−∞+∞g∗(TV−t+τ′)g(τ′−kT)dτ′=∫−∞+∞g(τ′+t−TV−kT)g∗(τ′)dτ′=φgg(t−kT−TV)(16)
ISI Free Detection:
条件:脉冲信号
g
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t
)
g(t)
g(t)需要满足Nyquist第一定律:
φ
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∞
+
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∗
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d
t
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=
def
{
E
g
for
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=
0
0
for
λ
∈
Z
∖
{
0
}
=
δ
[
λ
]
E
g
(17)
\varphi_{gg}[\lambda T] = \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} g(t' + \lambda T) g^*(t') \, dt' \overset{\text{def}}{=} \begin{cases} E_g \quad \text{for } \lambda = 0 \\ 0 \quad \ \ \ \text{for } \lambda \in \mathbb{Z} \setminus \{0\} \end{cases} = \delta[\lambda] \, E_g \tag{17}
φgg[λT]=∫−∞+∞g(t′+λT)g∗(t′)dt′=def{Egfor λ=00 for λ∈Z∖{0}=δ[λ]Eg(17)
检测信号在
t
=
ℓ
T
t=\ell T
t=ℓT时为:
d
~
[
ℓ
]
=
def
d
~
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ℓ
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+
T
V
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=
def
a
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=
γ
∑
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−
∞
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φ
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g
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φ
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def
a
m
[
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(18)
\begin{align*} \tilde{d}[\ell] &\overset{\text{def}}{=} \tilde{d}(\ell T + T_V) \overset{\text{def}}{=} a_m[\ell] \\ \tilde{d}(\ell T + T_V) &= \gamma \sum_{k=-\infty}^{+\infty} a_m[k] \varphi_{gg}(\ell T + T_V - kT - T_V) \\ &= \gamma \sum_{k=-\infty}^{+\infty} a_m[k] \varphi_{gg}((\ell - k)T) \overset{\text{def}}{=} a_m[\ell] \end{align*} \tag{18}
d~[ℓ]d~(ℓT+TV)=defd~(ℓT+TV)=defam[ℓ]=γk=−∞∑+∞am[k]φgg(ℓT+TV−kT−TV)=γk=−∞∑+∞am[k]φgg((ℓ−k)T)=defam[ℓ](18)
所以
γ
=
1
E
g
\gamma=\frac{1}{E_g}
γ=Eg1:
H
E
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f
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=
1
E
g
G
∗
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f
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e
−
j
2
π
f
T
V
(19)
H_E(f) =\frac{1}{E_g} \, G^*(f) \, e^{-j2\pi f T_V}\tag{19}
HE(f)=Eg1G∗(f)e−j2πfTV(19)