函数展开为傅里叶级数的条件:
(1)函数为周期函数;
(2)在 [ − T 2 , T 2 ] [-\frac{T}{2}, \frac{T}{2}] [−2T,2T]上只有有限个极值点;
(3)在 [ − T 2 , T 2 ] [-\frac{T}{2}, \frac{T}{2}] [−2T,2T]上连续或只有有限个第一类间断点。
1. 傅里叶级数的三角形式
f
T
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∑
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∞
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f_T (t) = \frac{a_0}{2} + \sum_{n=1}^{+\infty}(a_ncos~n\omega_0t + b_nsin~n\omega_0t)
fT(t)=2a0+n=1∑+∞(ancos nω0t+bnsin nω0t)
其中
ω
0
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2
π
T
\omega_0 = \frac{2\pi}{T}
ω0=T2π
a
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2
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∫
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2
−
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2
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a_n = \frac{2}{T}\int_{-\frac{T}{2}}^{-\frac{T}{2}}f_T(t)cos~n\omega_0tdt(n = 1, 2, ···)
an=T2∫−2T−2TfT(t)cos nω0tdt(n=1,2,⋅⋅⋅)
b
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2
T
∫
−
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2
T
2
f
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b_n = \frac{2}{T}\int_{-\frac{T}{2}}^{\frac{T}{2}}f_T(t)sin~nw_0tdt(n = 1, 2, ···)
bn=T2∫−2T2TfT(t)sin nw0tdt(n=1,2,⋅⋅⋅)
2. 傅里叶级数的复指数表示
f T ( t ) = ∑ n = − ∞ + ∞ c n e j n ω 0 t f_T(t) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{+\infty} c_ne^{jn\omega_0t} fT(t)=n=−∞∑+∞cnejnω0t
其中
c n = 1 T ∫ − T 2 T 2 f T ( t ) e j n ω 0 t d t ( n = 0 , ± 1 , ± 2 , ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ) c_n = \frac{1}{T}\int_{-\frac{T}{2}}^{\frac{T}{2}}f_T(t)e^{jn\omega_0t}dt ~~~(n = 0,\pm1,\pm2,···) cn=T1∫−2T2TfT(t)ejnω0tdt (n=0,±1,±2,⋅⋅⋅)
3. 傅立叶级数的物理意义形式
f
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A
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∑
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∞
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θ
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f_T(t)=A_0+\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}A_ncos(n\omega_0t + \theta_n)
fT(t)=A0+n=1∑∞Ancos(nω0t+θn)
其中
A
n
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a
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2
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b
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2
A_n = \sqrt{a_n^2 + b_n^2}
An=an2+bn2
c o s θ n = a n a n 2 + b n 2 cos\theta_n = \frac{a_n}{\sqrt{a_n^2 + b_n^2}} cosθn=an2+bn2an
s i n θ n = − b n a n 2 + b n 2 sin\theta_n = -\frac{b_n}{\sqrt{a_n^2 + b_n^2}} sinθn=−an2+bn2bn