英语：反义词

反义词汇总

有些反义词总是能在一个句子里同时出现。就像矛盾，左右，上下。这些相反的词形成了各自的互补内容，为了补充完整，不得不将相反的两个词合在一块。
或者比较突出，将相反的两个词放到一个句子里来说。

否定词

not

sans

这个是法语里的否定，在内核的代码里也有遇到，比如；不包含 FCS。

#define ETH_ZLEN	60		/* Min. octets in frame sans FCS */

前缀

-

有时候也会用负号，来代表一个事物的反面，比如1与-1。当然这里知识在实数轴上的一个对称数值。

a-

同步异步

acyclic

It may seem that circular structures would be very unusual, but they ar not.
While most data structures are acyclic, it is not uncommon for normal programs to create some cycles, and a few programs create very many of them(linux内核).

de

bug vs debug

deformation
*[,di:fɒ:'meiʃәn]
n. 损形, 变丑, 畸形
【化】 变形; 形变
【医】 变形, 畸形

dis

An alternate method is to disallow caching of synchronization variables.
disallow，不允许

in 、 im

invalidation； 无效；
On the other hand, in systems that use directory schemes to maintain cache coherence, we show that synchronization variables result in excessive invalidation traffic when the number of pointers in the cache directory is limited.

invalidate，使无效化（汉语里有动词的“化”）

/* Invalidate clean unused buffers and pagecache. */
void invalidate_bdev(struct block_device *bdev)
{

mis

In this situation the network has lost or mis-ordered data, such that the receiver holds non-contiguous data in its queue.
mis-order，非顺序的。

non

The SACK option is to be sent by a data receiver to inform the data sender of non-contiguous blocks of data that have been received and queued.
non-contiguous 非连续
non-zero

not

to be or not to be it’s a problem

trivial

这个词也是经常被用作“非”，比如
The scheduler policy must dictate a default timeslice, which is not a trivial exercise. 这里使用双重否定来说明，这个默认的timeslice是重要的。
trivial是非重要，琐碎的。而not就是对它的否定。

un

unhappy

fold vs unfold

https://blog.csdn.net/qq_36428903/article/details/126199009

under

undergraduate vs graduate;
后面这个毕业的词先出来，然后对照着又出来了undergraduate，没有符号毕业标准。或者知识量没有达到graduate的水准。
One of these target audiences is university students(undergraduate or graduate) learning about machine learning.

后缀

less

disk， diskless

lock，lockless

classful , classless

Do not confuse this classless simple qdisc with the classful PRIO one! Although they behave similarly, pfifo_fast is classless and you cannot add other qdiscs to it with the tc command.

A

above vs down

Each subdirectory has a kbuild Makefile which carries out the commands passed down from above.
每个子目录，都有一个kbuild Makefile，包含有从上到下需要执行的命令。

alive vs dead

The communications protocols which implement a SOCK_STREAM ensure that data is not lost or duplicated. If a piece of data for which the peer protocol has buffer space cannot be successfully transmitted within a reasonable length of time, then the connection is considered to be dead. When SO_KEEPALIVE is enabled on the socket the protocol checks in a protocol-specific manner if the other end is still alive.
socket是否死掉了，然后需要做keepalive检测。

all vs nothing

Fortunately it does not have to be an all-or-nothing decision.
全有或绝无的, 绝不让步的, 孤注一掷的
全做或者不做

allocate vs free

The kernel uses the kmalloc and kfree functions to allocate and free a memory block, respectively.

approximate vs exact

近似的与准确的；
One of the core problems of modern statistics is to approximate difficult-to-compute probability densities.

ascent vs descent

[ә’send]
vi. 上升, 追溯, 登高
vt. 攀登

*[di’send]
vi. 下降, 世代相传, 屈尊, 袭击
vt. 下降
If CONFIG_EXT2_FS is set to either ‘y’ (built-in) or ‘m’ (modular) the corresponding obj- variable will be set, and kbuild will descend down in the ext2 directory. 下降到，子目录ext2。

asynchronous & synchronous

同步与异步
Hardware devices generate interrupts asynchronously with respect to the processor clock - they can occur at any time.

B

back vs forth

Cache Ping-Pong is where a cacheline is continuously shuttled back and forth between two processors. This occurs
when two threads are accessing either:
the same atomic variable
different variables on the same cache line
This can have a big performance impact, because transferring cache lines is slow.

binary vs unary

二元，一元
Binary operators take two arguments, one on each side of the operator. For example, multiplication and division are binary operators:
x *y;
a / b;
Unary operators take a single parameter. Unary operators include unary - and the address of (&) operator;
-x
&y

black vs white

比如黑白照，一张“黑白照”，上面的延申要不是白色，要不是黑色，没有其他颜色。两个反义词用到一块就是相互补充，然后才可以将这个物体描述清除。

blind vs visual

盲，与可视
The nice thing about visual mode is that, unlike other Vim commands where you operate blindly, with visual mode you can see what text is going to be affected before you make a change.

blocking vs unblocking

阻塞与不阻塞
Unlike blocking algorithms, non-blocking algorithms do not suffer from these downsides, and in addition are safe for use in interrupt handlers: even though the preempted thread cannot be resumed, progress is still possible without it.

bound vs unbound

Work items queued to an unbound wq are served by the special worker-pools which host workers which are not bound to any specific CPU. This makes the wq behave as a simple execution context provider without concurrency management. The unbound worker-pools try to start execution of work items as soon as possible. Unbound wq sacrifices locality but is useful for the following cases.
绑定与非绑定。

bug vs debug

de-
【医】 脱, 去, 除, 离, 解除
An error in a computer program is called a bug. Getting rid of errors is called debugging a program.

C

capital vs lower

这一对是，不像反义词的反义词。lower的翻译是higher？
#The capital variables are global that are used in the entire script
#The lower case variables are local that are used in each function.

ceiling vs floor

⎡x⎤
ceiling of x: the least integer greater than or equal to x
2 EXAMPLE ⎡2. 4⎤ is 3, ⎡−2. 4⎤ is −2.
1 ⎣x⎦
floor of x: the greatest integer less than or equal to x
2 EXAMPLE ⎣2. 4⎦ is 2, ⎣−2. 4⎦ is −3.

close vs open

After the word main(), you always see an opening brace ({). When you find a matching closing brace (}), main() is finished.

commodity vs specialized

It is important to understand commodity hardware because specialized hardware is in retreat.
商品化-的硬件，市面销售的硬件。相对的单词，应该是用于科学研究的硬件，专有做研究使用的硬件。
However, we will start with an overview of the design for today’s commodity hardware.

complex vs efficient

宏大，复杂，泥泞；
小巧，有效，精炼
There are actually an infinite number of programs that can be written to accomplish any given task, but most of these solutions are unnecessarily large, complex, and sloppy. The few solutions that remain are small, efficient, and neat.

connection vs connectionless

connection based or connectionless: Is a connection established before communication or does each packet describe the destination.
有链接和无连接

constant & variable

立即数是不变的数字，而从寄存器或者内存中获取到的是个变化值。
Also note that immediate data are constant data, whereas the data transferred from a register or memory location are variable
data.

core & uncore

High-level processors are now designed with two distinct but important components known as the core and uncore. The core components consist of engines that do the computations. These include vector units in many of the modern processors. The uncore
components includes cache, memory, and peripheral components.
core 和 非core
处理器里的术语，core就是处理器的计算引擎（包括现代处理器里的向量单元），而uncore，是其他的缓存/内存和外设。

coarse-grained vs fine-grained

Using locks also involves a trade-off between coarse-grained locking, which can significantly reduce opportunities for parallelism, and fine-grained locking, which requires more careful design, increases locking overhead and is more prone to bugs.
粗略，精细
粗略的锁，可能导致开销太大，使得并行效率太低；
精细的锁，增加了设计的压力，使得程序出现bug的概率增加。

cost vs saving

To understand the costs and savings of using a cache we have to combine the knowledge about the machine architecture
and RAM technology from section 2 with the structure of caches described in the previous section.

D

data plane vs control plane

When talking about virtio-networking we can separate the discussion into two layers:
Control plane - Used for capability exchange negotiation between the host and guest both for establishing and terminating the data plane.
Data plane - Used for transferring the actual data (packets) between host and guest.
数据和控制，有时候会分开成两条路来讨论，控制路是为数据路的高效畅通提供服务。而数据层才是真正的业务传输。

dedicated vs general-purpose

The performance of a pure software-based product that uses Linux cannot compete with commercial products that can count on the help of specialized hardware. This of course is not a criticism of software; it is a simple recognition of the consequence of the speed difference between dedicated hardware and general-purpose CPUs.

defer vs immediate

We say that expansion is immediate if it happens during the first phase: in this case make will expand any variables or functions
in that section of a construct as the makefile is parsed. We say that expansion is deferred if expansion is not performed immediately.

deflationary vs inflationary

Processes with higher nice value receive a deflationary weight, yielding them a smaller proportion of the processor; processes with smaller nice value receive an inflatinonary weight.
通缩与膨胀

deterministic vs stochastic

This is because machine learning must always deal with uncertain quantities, and sometimes may also need to deal with stochastic(non-deterministic) quantities.
确定的
随机的

dynamic vs static

Dynamic power vs. Static power vs. short-circuit power
动态电源，静态电源

E

edge vs level

These interrupts originate as an edge or level asserted by an I/O device
that is connected directly to the processor’s local interrupt pins (LINT0 and LINT1).
这个信号的判断方式，edge方式的话，就说明在电压从高变低，或者从低变高的 这个上升沿，或者下降沿，才判断有信号；
level的意思，是电压维持在一个水准时，才认为有信号。

F

false vs true

RFC 5905， ntp
The selection algorithm uses Byzantine fault detection principles to discard the presumably incorrect candidates called “falsetickers” from the incident population, leaving only good candidates called “truechimers”.
这里的两个词是硬造出来的。
假的滴答者
真的精灵

far left vs far right

最左边，最右边
The hexadecimal numbers—starting with 0x8048374 on the far left—are memory addresses
The instructions on the far right are in assembly language.

formal vs actual

Most modern programming languages such as Pascal and Ada check the agreeement of formal and actual parameters to functions.
这里指的是形式的参数和实际的参数的校验。
就好像是声明与定义的关系。

former vs latter & share vs private

In the former case, the mapping is shared, while in the latter, it is private.

frontend vs backend

前端，后端。这个也是经常见到的反义词；代表着一个工作，分成了两个部分，一个放到与实际用户接触近的部分，另一个是后面执行的操作。
From a bird’s eye view, the pipeline of modern out-of-order GPU has two main portions: a frontend and a backend.

G

gem & junk

Style is what separates the gems from the junk
区分珠宝和垃圾的方法是样式。

grow vs shrink

In this manner, the stack grows down in memory (towards lesser addresses) when items are pushed on the stack and shrinks up (towards greater addresses) when the items are popped from the stack.
Intel 开发手册

H

hard vs soft

/Documentation/lockup-watchdogs.txt
The Linux kernel can act as a watchdog to detect both soft and hard lockups.

high vs low

AVR32 is a new high-performance 32-bit RISC microprocessor core, designed for cost-sensitive embedded applications, with particular emphasis on low power consumption and high code density. The AVR32 architecture is not binary compatible with earlier 8-bit AVR architectures.
这种反义词总是需要做对比，才能现实某些事情的好处，与坏处，然后让大家做权衡决定。

Hits vs Misses

正则表达式 术语：
Hits ： The lines that I wanted to match.
Misses ： The lines that I didn’t want to match.
Omissions ： The lines that I didn’t match but wanted to match. 遗漏
False alarms ： The lines that I matched but didn’t want to match.

缓存hit vs miss；
If a request for data misses a core’s L1 and MLC, the request then continues to the LLC to be serviced. If this results in an LLC hit,
then snooping may be required to maintain coherency with another core which may have the data. Otherwise, in the case of an LLC miss, the request is serviced in memory.
LLC击中，那么为了维持数据一致性，需要在每个使用的core上做探测。如果击不中，则需要从主内存取想要的数据。

horizontally vs vertically

当前，扩展大多是通过横向集成（相同功能的小硬件集成在一起），而不是纵向的扩大（把一个硬件做成的功能强大）；也就是说今天，使用很多更小而且联系起来的商业计算机比使用很大而且异常快的大型计算机更能节约成本。
Scaling these days is most often achieved horizontally instead of vertically, meaning today it is more cost-effective to use many
smaller, connected commodity computers instead of a few really large and exceptionally fast (and expensive) systems.

host vs guest

A guest VM or a guest is a VM installed, executed and hosted on physical machine. The machine hosting the guest VM is referred to as the host and it provides resources to the guest.
这里可以看到可以相互用作动词代表一种所属的状态。
客机，主机。

host order vs network order

The skb is in network byte order; there is in host byte order.
为什么主机的字节序和网络传输的字节序不一样？

I

in vs out

RFC6458
Note that the in/out parameter addrs must not be NULL；
进出的参数 addrs，不能为NULL。

incline vs decline

_power_efficient_wq are inclined towards saving power and converted into WQ_UNBOUND variants if ‘wq_power_efficient’ is enabled;
这个queue，作用就是倾向于节省电量；如果wq_power_efficient开关打开，其实就是一个WQ_UNBOUND的变种。
斜面，incline toward 倾向于
decline
n. 衰退, 跌落, 下降
vt. 使降低, 婉谢
vi. 下降, 衰落, 偏斜
【医】 衰退, 减退, 衰退期(人), 减退期(病)
【经】 下降, 递减; 下跌
由于auto-load safe-path, 设置为“***”，自动加载gdb-gdb.py文件操作，被丢弃。
File “/home/user/gdb/gdb-gdb.py” auto-loading has been declined by your ‘auto-load safe-path’ set to “$debugdir:$datadir/auto-load”.

inclusive & exclusive

包含与排除

int vs float vs wholenumber

The type int means that the variables listed are integers; by contrast with float, which means floating point, i.e., numbers that may have a fractional part. A float number is typically a 32-bit quantity, with at least six significant digits and magnitude generally between about 10的负38次方 and 10的38次方。

least vs most

The least significant bit is called the low-order bit; the most significant bit is called the high-order bit.
最低有效位，
最高有效位，

lightweight vs heavyweight

轻量级，重量级
commit 97222cc8316328965851ed28d23f6b64b4c912d2
Author: Eddie Dong eddie.dong@intel.com
Date: Wed Sep 12 10:58:04 2007 +0300
KVM: Emulate local APIC in kernel
Because lightweight exits (exits which don’t involve userspace) are many
times faster than heavyweight exits, it makes sense to emulate high usage
devices in the kernel. The local APIC is one such device, especially for
Windows and for SMP, so we add an APIC model to kvm.
It also allows in-kernel host-side drivers to inject interrupts without going through userspace.

live vs die

活，死
A large number of kernel functions live and die by the passing of time.

load vs store

The instruction complementary to load is traditionally called store; it copies data from a register to memory.
和load互补的是store命令。

local vs remote

If a TCP connection is closed by the remote site, the local application MUST be informed whether it closed normally or was aborted
需要通知本地的应用，远端关闭链接的方式是正常的还是异常的。
When Microsoft SQL Server’s memory manager allocates memory for a node in non-uniform memory access (NUMA)-enabled environments, Windows can allocate memory from both the local and remote nodes (referred to as “away” or “foreign” pages)
https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/topic/kb2926223-fix-performance-problems-occur-in-numa-environments-during-foreign-page-processing-in-sql-server-2012-or-sql-server-2014-b4313b03-57da-609f-ba19-82c04fc633d8
这里还要发明新的remote关联词：away，foreign，好奇怪，为什么这么做？还是一开始就有？不管怎么样，都是远的意思。

lower vs upper

The integer execution unit (EBox) is divided into two clusters. Each cluster is broken up into an upper and lower sub-cluster.
上层
下层

M

marginal vs main

This Short Methodological Report builds on research about moderation practices by focusing on a marginal effects approach to interpreting how a main effect is informed by the presence of a moderating variable.
边际效应，主要效应

maximum vs minimum

最大，最小值。这个也是经常用到的单词。
最小的错误，也就意味值错误之间的间隔最大，理想的情况下不要产生页错误，使得页可以最长时间使用。
Since minimum faults means maximum inter-fault intervals, the ideal page to replace from main memory is the one that will not be used
again for the longest time.

Moreover, computer designers have a common goal: to find a language that makes it easy to build the hardware and the compiler while maximizing performance and minimizing cost.

microscopically vs astronomically

用显微镜地，极小的和极大的
Scientists often have to deal with differences in scale, from the microscopically small to the astronomically large.

micro- vs macro

Finally, in Section 5 performance tests show how the tracer performs under various workloads at the macro-benchmark and micro-benchmark levels.
宏观的标准，微观的标准。

more vs less

Rules may look somewhat more complicated than shown in this template, but all fit the pattern more or less.

near vs far

Because of the strange architecture of the 8086, Turbo-C++ is forced to use both near pointers (16 bits) and far pointers (32 bits) See the Turbo- C++ manual for details

northbridge vs southbridge

https://www.skillsbuildtraining.com/chipsets-explained-northbridge-and-southbridge/
It is called Northbridge, because it is generally located at the top or north of the motherboard.
安照上北下南的方向，叫芯片组的方式。
While Intel uses the name Northbridge for the Northbridge chipset, AMD uses the name Memory Controller Hub (MCH).
Unlike the Northbridge, the Southbridge actually has no direct link to the CPU.
The Southbridge interacts with the CPU through the Northbridge chipset.
Which goes to show how important the Northbridge actually is.
Probably more important than the Southbridge.
But, a computer needs both of them to execute the core functions it needs for us to use it.

numeric vs string

有时候，数字和字符也会作为反义词来使用，代表了两种不同的类型。
Sometimes, the distinction between numeric and string indices is important.

O

on vs off

Even microcomputers could benefit substantially from an on-chip cache, since on-chip access times are much smaller than off-chip access times.

RFC4861
on-link - an address that is assigned to an interface on a specified link.
off-link - the opposite of “on-link”; an address that is not assigned to any interfaces on the specified link.

out-of-order vs in-order

为了性能，几乎所有的芯片都会使用非顺序执行，以达到性能提高，避免浪费。但是问题是会有些安全的问题，需要注意。

P

persistent and ephemeral

There are two types of manycast client associations: persistent and ephemeral.
永久，临时；

physical vs virtual

The Bare Metal administration gives physical equipment rather than virtual machines

pit vs flat

The disk is read by shining a laser at the CD surface and determining by examining the reflected light whether there is a pit or flat (reflective) surface.

poorly vs well

In the software world, that means reading other people’s programs and seeing what they did well, as well as what they did poorly.

prefix vs suffix

前缀，后缀
The choice, prefix versus suffix, was decided by looking at the code for the two versions. As you can see, the prefix version is much simpler than the suffix version.

primary vs Secondary

Secondary storage (also known as external memory or auxiliary storage) differs from primary storage in that it is not directly accessible by the CPU.
主次。p 与s；

my %side_iface = (
    p => 'l',
    s => 'r',
);

pros and cons

优缺点
There are pros and cons to larger versus smaller HZ values.

proactive vs reactive

积极与消极；主动，被动
reactive，关键点是再re-，是当收到刺激之后，做的一个反应
Using the OpenFlow protocol, the controller can add, update, and delete flow entries in flow tables, both reactively (in response to packets) and proactively.

prologue vs epilogue

一件事情，开始与结束时的一些准备与清理工作。开场白，收场白。
Typically, a set of registers are designated to be preserved across a call. If a callee wishes to use such a register, it saves the value that the register had at entry time in its call frame and restores it on exit. The code that allocates space on the call frame stack and performs the save operation is called the subroutine’s prologue, and the code that performs the restore operation and deallocates the frame is called its epilogue. Typically, the prologue code is physically at the beginning of a subroutine and the epilogue code is at the end.
DWARF5.

pseudo-science vs proto-science

push vs pull

Peers both push and pull synchronization to and from each other.
推拉；

R

receive vs discard

硬反义，接收，丢弃。
The list of packet types we will receive (as opposed to discard) and the routines to invoke.

receive vs send/transmit (rx/tx)

接收，发送，这两个词也是有参照物的困扰。需要根据语境来判断，这个流向，具体是什么方向。比如下面这个commit
如果一开始不知道VIRTIO_NET_F_MSG_RXBUF 这个flag的含义，就需要认真的学习一下这个标记的作用，才能正确理解recveive的流向是从哪里到哪里！

commit 3f2c31d90327f21d76d296af34aa4ca547932ff4
Author: Mark McLoughlin <markmc@redhat.com>
Date:   Sun Nov 16 22:41:34 2008 -0800

    virtio_net: VIRTIO_NET_F_MSG_RXBUF (imprive rcv buffer allocation)

relative vs absolute

相对与绝对
Note the differences bewteen relative and absolute time.

reliable or unreliable

reliable or unreliable. Can messages be lost, duplicated, reordered, or corrupted?
可信赖，不可信

retail vs wholesale

零售与批发
少量与大规模 《information, physics, quantum: the search for links》
We deal with bits wholesale rather than bits retail when we run the fiducial current through the magnetometer coil, but the definition of field founds itself no less decisively on bits.

roll vs unroll

卷与展
循环展开，就是在一次循环里多做一些事情，做两次循环的事情，可以降低循环机制的overhead。
For example, in loops that execute many iterations, such as those traditionally controlled by a for statement, the optimization
of loop unrolling is often useful. Loop unrolling involves taking a loop and replicating the body multiple times and executing the transformed loop fewer times. Loop unrolling reduces the loop overhead and provides opportunities for many other optimizations.

S

scalar vs vector

标量，与向量；标量标准的线性，一般一维认知量。向量，就是多为量
https://s3-docs.fd.io/vpp/23.06/aboutvpp/scalar-vs-vector-packet-processing.html

scanf vs printf

scanf() is fairly easy if you know printf(). scanf() looks a lot like printf() because scanf() uses conversion codes such as %s and %d. scanf() is the mirror-image function of printf().

scatter-getter

分发者与收集者，有时候一人饰两角，行为完全相反，既是分发者，又是收集者。当然面向的对象是不同的。
在运动场上，也有这样的情况，比如，那个人既是裁判，又是运动员。
https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Scatter_002dGather.html

sequential & random

顺序与随机 （Brendan Gregg）
例句：
The term fragmentation describes when file systems do this poorly, causing file placement to become scattered over a drive, so that sequential logical I/O yields random physical I/O.

serial vs parallel

顺序，于并行。
Parallel Execution：The default number of job slots is one, which means serial execution (one thing at a time).

set vs clear

在程序编写的时候，经常使用set，clear，代表设置一个值或者清除一个值。
static inline int __test_and_set_bit(int nr, volatile unsigned long *addr)
static inline int __test_and_clear_bit(int nr, volatile unsigned long *addr)

shallow vs unshallow vs depth

git fetch --unshallow
unshallow的意思：浅层/非浅层/深层
If the source repository is complete, convert a shallow repository to a complete one, removing all the
limitations imposed by shallow repositories.
If the source repository is shallow, fetch as much as possible so that the current repository has the same
history as the source repository.

git clone --depth
–depth
Create a shallow clone with a history truncated to the specified number of commits. Implies --single-branch
unless --no-single-branch is given to fetch the histories near the tips of all branches. If you want to clone
submodules shallowly, also pass --shallow-submodules.

short-cut vs long-way

Shortcuts are good, but sometimes the long way has its advantages, too.

sleep vs wake

睡眠，唤醒

sockete’te vs cork

流水槽，软木塞
The socket lock must be held while it’s corked.

Sooner & later

Sooner or later someone will have to modify or upgrade the program, and the lack of comments will make the job ten times more difficult.
程序迟早会被升级/修改。

source vs sink

This figure includes all data sources and sinks, including those which are not part of the tracer per se, such as kernel data structures and hardware time stamps. 《lockless multi-core high-throughput buffering scheme for kernel tracing》
数据输出，与输入的一个比喻。

special-purpose vs general-purpose vs multi-perpose

特殊用途，一般用途，多用途

Colossus was not programmable—it was a fixed-program computer system, which today is often called a special-purpose
computer. The first general-purpose, programmable electronic computer system was developed in 1946 at the University of Pennsylvania. This first modem computer was called the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator).

Some registers are general-purpose or multipurpose registers, while some have special purposes.

spilling vs filling

存，取
Spilling means that the variable in the register is moved to the BPF stack. The reverse operation of moving the variable from the BPF stack to the register is called filling. The reason for spilling/filling is due to the limited number of registers.

splitting vs coalescing

分裂，合并
Two subsidiary techniques are used to help implement that choice：splitting block to satisfy smaller requests；and coalescing of free blocks to yield larger blocks.

spine vs leaf

书脊与书页
数据中心的网络，包含两层，骨干和叶子（使用书脊和书页比喻层间的关系）。
For modern DC network designs a 2-tier spine/leaf design is recommended.

stateless vs stateful

无状态，有状态。指的是是否维护事物的状态信息（整套流程）。
One port can only use stateless or stateful security groups. In some use cases stateless security groups will allow operator to choose for optimized datapath performance whereas stateful security groups impose extra processing on the system.

subscribe vs publish

Thus, for each notification chain there is a passive side (the notified) and an active side (the notifier), as in the so-called publish-and-subscribe model:
发布者，订阅者

T

temporary vs permanent vs ephemeral

临时与永久
temporary is a temporary variable while permanent is permanent. C++ initializes temporary each time it is created (at the beginning of the for statement block), while permanent gets initialized only once, at program start-up time.
Temporary variables are sometimes referred to as automatic variables because the space for them is allocated automatically.
a. 朝生暮死的, 短命的, 短暂的
【医】 暂时的
Once again, the result is ephemeral, displayed on the screen. No change is made to the input file.

time-driven vs event-driven

时间驱动，与事件驱动
A large number of kernel functions are time-driven, as opposed to event-driven.

top-down vs bottom-up

Most programmers learn the language from the top down and never see the big picture.
从上往下，先学C，这门高级语言，这样导致对底层没有足够的认识。
自底往上

visible vs invisible

可见，不可见
The programming model of the 8086 through the Core2 is considered to be program visible because its registers are used during application programming and are specified by the instructions. Other registers, detailed later in this chapter, are considered to be program invisible because they are not addressable directly during applications programming, but may be used indirectly during system programming.

wider vs narrower

In general, the only automatic conversions are those that convert a “narrower’’ operand into a "wider’’ one without losing information, such as converting an integer into floating point in an expression like f + i.