【Python入门基础】基于tkinter模块的GUI（二）——canvas画布

canvas画图

方法	说明	参数
.create_line()	画线	起点坐标，终点坐标，width=线宽，fill=颜色
.create_arc()	画弧线	起点坐标，终点坐标，width=线宽，fill=颜色
.create_rectangle()	画矩形	起点坐标，终点坐标，fill=‘填充的颜色’，outline=边框颜色
.create_oval()	画椭圆	外界矩阵的左上角和右小角坐标，fill=‘填充的颜色’，outline=边框颜色
.create_polygon()	画多边形	多点坐标，fill=‘填充的颜色’，outline=边框颜色
.create_text()	显示文字	text=‘文字’
.delete()	删除对象
.move()	移动	(参数,0,2)横向不移动，纵向移动2
.update()	更新	当应用程序的状态发生变化和需要这些变化立刻显示时，不用等待脚本完成
.pack()	包装

eg.canvas画布

import tkinter as tk

win = tk.Tk()
win.geometry("600x400+200+100")
canvas = tk.Canvas(win, bg="white")
canvas.place(relx=0.05, rely=0.05, relwidth=0.9, relheight=0.9)

# 画一条实线， fill:填充的颜色
line1 = canvas.create_line((0, 10), (50, 50), width=5, fill="green")

# 画一条虚线 dash=(1, 1)
canvas.create_line((200, 200), (200, 300), width=5, fill="green", dash=(1, 1))

# 画一个圆弧
canvas.create_arc((100, 100), (200, 200), width=5)

# 显示文字
canvas.create_text((300, 100), text="canvas画布", font=("微软雅黑", 18))

# 绘制矩形, outline：线条颜色
canvas.create_rectangle(50, 25, 150, 75, fill='blue', outline='green', width=5)

# 绘制椭圆
canvas.create_oval(200, 25, 350, 75, fill='pink', outline='green', width=5)

# 绘制多边形
point = [(0, 0), (150, 200), (200, 300), (300, 450), (450, 550)]
canvas.create_polygon(point, outline='green', fill='yellow')


def dele_line():
    canvas.delete(line1)


btn = tk.Button(canvas, text="删除", command=dele_line)
btn.place(relx=0.4, rely=0.8)

win.mainloop()

运行结果：

from tkinter import *
import hashlib
root = Tk()
w = Canvas(root,width=200,height=100)
w.pack()

line1 = w.create_line(0,50,200,50,fill='black')
line2 = w.create_line(100,0,100,100,fill='red',dash=(4,4))
rect1 = w.create_rectangle(50,25,150,75,fill='blue')

#修改位置
w.coords(line1,0,25,200,25)
# 修改选项
w.itemconfig(rect1,fill='red')
w.delete(line2)

Button(root,text="删除全部",command=(lambda x=ALL:w.delete(x))).pack()
mainloop()

 

eg.五子棋盘

import tkinter


def mouse_evt_handler(evt=None):
    print(evt.x,evt.y)
    # margin=20
    row = round((evt.y - 20) / 40)
    col = round((evt.x - 20) / 40)
    pos_x = 40 * col
    pos_y = 40 * row
    print(pos_x, pos_y, 40 + pos_x, 40 + pos_y)
    # 圆外矩形左上角与右下角坐标
    canvas.create_oval(pos_x, pos_y, 40 + pos_x, 40 + pos_y, fill='black')


top = tkinter.Tk()
# 设置窗口尺寸
top.geometry('620x620')
# 设置窗口标题
top.title('五子棋')
# 设置窗口大小不可改变
top.resizable(False, False)
# 设置窗口置顶
top.wm_attributes('-topmost', 1)
canvas = tkinter.Canvas(top, width=600, height=600, bd=0, highlightthickness=0)
# 鼠标左键绑定点击事件
canvas.bind('<Button-1>', mouse_evt_handler)
canvas.create_rectangle(0, 0, 600, 600, fill='b99e20', outline='white')
for index in range(15):
    canvas.create_line(20, 20 + 40 * index, 580, 20 + 40 * index, fill='black')
    canvas.create_line(20 + 40 * index, 20, 20 + 40 * index, 580, fill='black')
canvas.create_rectangle(15, 15, 585, 585, outline='black', width=4)
canvas.pack()
tkinter.mainloop()

运行结果：

说明：五子棋对弈过程待实现。

eg.动态动画

import tkinter
import time


# 播放动画效果的函数
def play_animation():
    canvas.move(oval, 2, 2)
    canvas.update()
    top.after(50, play_animation)


x = 10
y = 10
top = tkinter.Tk()
top.geometry('600x600')
top.title('动画效果')
top.resizable(False, False)
top.wm_attributes('-topmost', 1)
canvas = tkinter.Canvas(top, width=600, height=600, bd=0, highlightthickness=0)
canvas.create_rectangle(0, 0, 600, 600, fill='#beee99')
oval = canvas.create_oval(10, 10, 60, 60, fill='yellow')
canvas.pack()
top.update()
play_animation()
tkinter.mainloop()

运行结果：

 eg.五角星

from tkinter import *
import math as m
root = Tk()
w = Canvas(root,width=200,height=100,background='red')
w.pack()

center_x = 100
center_y = 50
r = 50

points = [
    # 左上点
    center_x - int(r*m.sin(2*m.pi/5)),
    center_y - int(r*m.cos(2*m.pi/5)),
    # 右上角
    center_x + int(r*m.sin(2*m.pi/5)),
    center_y - int(r*m.cos(2*m.pi/5)),
    # 左下点
    center_x - int(r*m.sin(m.pi/5)),
    center_y + int(r*m.cos(m.pi/5)),
    # 顶点
    center_x,
    center_y - r,
    # 右下点
    center_x + int(r*m.sin(m.pi/5)),
    center_y + int(r*m.cos(m.pi/5)),
]

w.create_polygon(points,outline='yellow',fill='red')
mainloop()

 

自制画板

from tkinter import *

root = Tk()

w = Canvas(root,width=400,height=200)
w.pack()
def paint(event):
    x1,y1 = (event.x-0.5),(event.y-0.5)
    x2, y2 = (event.x + 0.5), (event.y + 0.5)
    w.create_oval(x1,y1,x2,y2,fill='red')

w.bind('<B1-Motion>',paint)

Label(root,text='使用鼠标绘制图案').pack(side=BOTTOM)
mainloop()

菜单设计加右键菜单

from tkinter import *

root = Tk()

def callback():
    print('点击完成')

menubar = Menu(root)
openVar = IntVar()
saveVar = IntVar()
quitVar = IntVar()
# tearoff这个菜单选项中的设置，它的值只有0和1，将tearoff设置为1以后，
# 就是表明这个菜单是可以独立出来的，如果是0的话就不可以独立出来。
filemenu = Menu(menubar,tearoff=False)
filemenu.add_checkbutton(label = '打开',command=callback,variable=openVar)
filemenu.add_checkbutton(label = '保存',command=callback,variable=saveVar)
# 分隔符
filemenu.add_separator()
filemenu.add_checkbutton(label='退出',command=root.quit,variable=quitVar)
menubar.add_cascade(label='文件',menu=filemenu)

editVar = IntVar()
editmenu = Menu(menubar,tearoff=False)
editmenu.add_radiobutton(label = '剪切',command=callback,variable=editVar,value=1)
editmenu.add_radiobutton(label = '拷贝',command=callback,variable=editVar,value=2)
editmenu.add_radiobutton(label='粘贴',command=callback,variable=editVar,value=3)
menubar.add_cascade(label='编辑',menu=editmenu)

root.config(menu=menubar)
def popup(event):
    menubar.post(event.x_root,event.y_root)

root.bind('<Button-3>',popup)
mainloop()

下拉菜单 

from tkinter import *

root = Tk()

variable = StringVar()
variable.set('one')

w = OptionMenu(root,variable,'one','two','three')
w.pack()
mainloop()

from tkinter import *

root = Tk()
OPTIONS = [
    'red',
    'green',
    'blue',
    'black',
    'yellow'
]
variable = StringVar()
variable.set(OPTIONS[0])

w = OptionMenu(root,variable,*OPTIONS)
w.pack()
mainloop()

事件绑定

from tkinter import *

root = Tk()
def callback1(event):
    print('点击位置：',event.x,event.y)

def callback2(event):
    print('当前位置：',event.x,event.y)

def callback3(event):
    print(event.char)
frame = Frame(root,width=200,height=200)
frame.bind('<Button-1>',callback1)
frame.bind('<Motion>',callback2)
frame.bind('<Key>',callback3)
frame.focus_set()
frame.pack()
mainloop()

消息和固值选取

from tkinter import *

root = Tk()
# 消息
w1 = Message(root,text = 'Message',width=100)
w1.pack()
# 固值选取
w2 = Spinbox(root,from_=0,to=10)
w2.pack()
w3 = Spinbox(root,values=('red','yellow','blue'))
w3.pack()
mainloop()

窗格组件

# 显示手柄和分割线
from tkinter import *

m1 = PanedWindow(showhandle=True, sashrelief=SUNKEN)  # 默认是左右分布的
m1.pack(fill=BOTH, expand=1)

left = Label(m1, text='left pane')
m1.add(left)

m2 = PanedWindow(orient=VERTICAL, showhandle=True, sashrelief=SUNKEN)
m1.add(m2)

top = Label(m2, text='top pane')
m2.add(top)

bottom = Label(m2, text='bottom pane')
m2.add(bottom)

mainloop()
# 分割线上的类似正方形的东西就是handle

 创建顶级窗口

from tkinter import *

root = Tk()

def create():
    top = Toplevel()
    top.attributes('-alpha',0.5)
    top.title('www')

    msg = Message(top,text='www.baidu.com')
    msg.pack()
Button(root,text='创建顶级窗口',command=create).pack()

mainloop()

 网格（Grid）

from tkinter import *

root = Tk()

listbox = Listbox(root)
listbox.pack(fill=BOTH,expand=True)

for i in range(10):
    listbox.insert(END,str(i))

mainloop()

from tkinter import *

root = Tk()

Label(root, text='用户名：').grid(row=0, sticky=W)
Label(root, text='密码：').grid(row=1,sticky=W)

photo = PhotoImage(file='qq.png')
Label(root,image=photo).grid(row=0,column=2,rowspan=2,padx=5,pady=5)

Entry(root).grid(row=0,column=1)
Entry(root,show="*").grid(row=1,column=1)

Button(text='提交',width=10).grid(row=2,columnspan=3,pady=5)

mainloop()