参考教程：https://pytorch.org/tutorials/beginner/blitz/cifar10_tutorial.html
参考翻译：https://blog.csdn.net/scutjy2015/article/details/71214928（最近才发现的中文版，感谢前人分享）
训练分类器
处理图像，文本，音频或视频数据时，可以使用标准的python包将数据加载到numpy数组中，将这个数组转换成一个torch.*Tensor。
- 图像，Pillow，OpenCV
- 音频，scipy和librosa
- 文本，原始Python，基于Cython的加载，NLTK和SpaCy
视觉包 torchvision，其中包含用于常见数据集的数据加载器，如Imagenet，CIFAR10，MNIST等，以及用于图像的数据转换器，即 torchvision.datasets和torch.utils.data.DataLoader。
这里下载也出现了问题：
安装后导入出现错误表示找不到指定的模块，卸载后重新安装发现缺少一个依赖项，pip install PyHamcrest搞定！
同类参考：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_36048987/article/details/89452858
(base) C:\Users\Administrator>python
Python 3.7.0 (default, Jun 28 2018, 08:04:48) [MSC v.1912 64 bit (AMD64)] :: Ana
conda, Inc. on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import torchvision
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "D:\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\torchvision\__init__.py", line 1, in <mod
ule>
from torchvision import models
File "D:\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\torchvision\models\__init__.py", line 11,
in <module>
from . import detection
File "D:\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\torchvision\models\detection\__init__.py"
, line 1, in <module>
from .faster_rcnn import *
File "D:\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\torchvision\models\detection\faster_rcnn.
py", line 7, in <module>
from torchvision.ops import misc as misc_nn_ops
File "D:\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\torchvision\ops\__init__.py", line 1, in
<module>
from .boxes import nms, box_iou
File "D:\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\torchvision\ops\boxes.py", line 2, in <mo
dule>
from torchvision import _C
ImportError: DLL load failed: 找不到指定的模块。
>>> exit()
(base) C:\Users\Administrator>pip uninstall torchvision
Uninstalling torchvision-0.3.0:
Would remove:
d:\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\torchvision-0.3.0.dist-info\*
d:\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\torchvision\*
Proceed (y/n)? y
Successfully uninstalled torchvision-0.3.0
You are using pip version 10.0.1, however version 19.2.3 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the 'python -m pip install --upgrade pip' comm
and.
(base) C:\Users\Administrator>pip install https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cpu/t
orchvision-0.3.0-cp37-cp37m-win_amd64.whl
Collecting torchvision==0.3.0 from https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cpu/torchvis
ion-0.3.0-cp37-cp37m-win_amd64.whl
Using cached https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cpu/torchvision-0.3.0-cp37-cp37m
-win_amd64.whl
Requirement already satisfied: numpy in d:\anaconda3\lib\site-packages (from tor
chvision==0.3.0) (1.16.0)
Requirement already satisfied: torch>=1.1.0 in d:\anaconda3\lib\site-packages (f
rom torchvision==0.3.0) (1.1.0)
Requirement already satisfied: pillow>=4.1.1 in d:\anaconda3\lib\site-packages (
from torchvision==0.3.0) (5.2.0)
Requirement already satisfied: six in d:\anaconda3\lib\site-packages (from torch
vision==0.3.0) (1.11.0)
twisted 18.7.0 requires PyHamcrest>=1.9.0, which is not installed.
Installing collected packages: torchvision
Successfully installed torchvision-0.3.0
You are using pip version 10.0.1, however version 19.2.3 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the 'python -m pip install --upgrade pip' comm
and.
(base) C:\Users\Administrator>PIP install PyHamcrest
Collecting PyHamcrest
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/9a/d5/d37fd731b7d0e91afcc8
4577edeccf4638b4f9b82f5ffe2f8b62e2ddc609/PyHamcrest-1.9.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl (
52kB)
39% |████████████▌ | 20kB 191kB/s eta 0:00:01
58% |██████████████████▉ | 30kB 264kB/s eta 0
78% |█████████████████████████ | 40kB 186kB/s
97% |███████████████████████████████▎| 51kB
100% |████████████████████████████████| 61kB
257kB/s
Requirement already satisfied: six in d:\anaconda3\lib\site-packages (from PyHam
crest) (1.11.0)
Requirement already satisfied: setuptools in d:\anaconda3\lib\site-packages (fro
m PyHamcrest) (40.2.0)
Installing collected packages: PyHamcrest
Successfully installed PyHamcrest-1.9.0
You are using pip version 10.0.1, however version 19.2.3 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the 'python -m pip install --upgrade pip' comm
and.
(base) C:\Users\Administrator>python
Python 3.7.0 (default, Jun 28 2018, 08:04:48) [MSC v.1912 64 bit (AMD64)] :: Ana
conda, Inc. on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import torchvision
>>>
torchvision独立于Pytorch，需通过pip install torchvision 安装。
这提供了极大的便利并避免编写样板代码。
实验数据集：CIFAR10数据集
类：'飞机'，'汽车'，'鸟'，'猫'，'鹿'，'狗'，'青蛙'，'马'，'船'，'卡车'。
图像尺寸为3x32x32，即尺寸为32x32像素的3通道彩色图像。
训练图像分类器
我们将按顺序执行以下步骤：
torchvision读取和预处理CIFAR10训练和测试数据集- 定义卷积神经网络
- 定义损失函数
- 在神经网络中训练训练集数据
- 使用测试集数据测试神经网络
1.加载和标准化CIFAR10
使用torchvision，加载{读取}CIFAR10非常容易。
import torch
import torchvision
import torchvision.transforms as transforms
torchvision数据集的输出是范围[0,1]的PILImage图像。我们将它们转换为归一化范围的张量[-1,1]。
transform = transforms.Compose(
[transforms.ToTensor(),
transforms.Normalize((0.5, 0.5, 0.5), (0.5, 0.5, 0.5))])
trainset = torchvision.datasets.CIFAR10(root='./data', train=True,
download=True, transform=transform)
trainloader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(trainset, batch_size=4,
shuffle=True, num_workers=2)
testset = torchvision.datasets.CIFAR10(root='./data', train=False,
download=True, transform=transform)
testloader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(testset, batch_size=4,
shuffle=False, num_workers=2)
classes = ('plane', 'car', 'bird', 'cat',
'deer', 'dog', 'frog', 'horse', 'ship', 'truck')代码运行间，会出现疯狂下载的进度条。
100%|███████████████████████▉| 170467328/170498071 [24:03<00:00, 176975.53it/s]
>>> trainloader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(trainset, batch_size=4,
... shuffle=True, num_workers=2)
>>>
>>> testset = torchvision.datasets.CIFAR10(root='./data', train=False,
... download=True, transform=transform)
Files already downloaded and verified
>>> testloader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(testset, batch_size=4,
... shuffle=False, num_workers=2)
>>>
>>> classes = ('plane', 'car', 'bird', 'cat', 'deer', 'dog', 'frog', 'horse', 'ship', 'truck')展示一些训练图像：
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
# functions to show an image
def imshow(img):
img = img / 2 + 0.5 # unnormalize
npimg = img.numpy()
plt.imshow(np.transpose(npimg, (1, 2, 0)))
plt.show()
# get some random training images
dataiter = iter(trainloader)
images, labels = dataiter.next()
# show images
imshow(torchvision.utils.make_grid(images))
# print labels
print(' '.join('%5s' % classes[labels[j]] for j in range(4)))
定义卷积神经网络
从神经网络部分复制神经网络并修改它以获取3通道图像（而不是定义的1通道图像）。
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F
class Net(nn.Module):
def __init__(self):
super(Net, self).__init__()
self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(3, 6, 5)
self.pool = nn.MaxPool2d(2, 2)# Max pooling over a (2, 2) window（pool作为self的一个属性了）
self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(6, 16, 5)
self.fc1 = nn.Linear(16 * 5 * 5, 120)
self.fc2 = nn.Linear(120, 84)
self.fc3 = nn.Linear(84, 10)
def forward(self, x):
x = self.pool(F.relu(self.conv1(x)))
x = self.pool(F.relu(self.conv2(x)))
x = x.view(-1, 16 * 5 * 5)
x = F.relu(self.fc1(x))
x = F.relu(self.fc2(x))
x = self.fc3(x)
return x
net = Net()定义Loss函数和优化器
使用分类交叉熵损失和SGD动量。
import torch.optim as optim
criterion = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
optimizer = optim.SGD(net.parameters(), lr=0.001, momentum=0.9)培训网络
只需循环遍历数据迭代器，并将输入提供给网络并进行优化。
for epoch in range(2): # loop over the dataset multiple times
running_loss = 0.0
for i, data in enumerate(trainloader, 0):
# get the inputs; data is a list of [inputs, labels]
inputs, labels = data
# zero the parameter gradients
optimizer.zero_grad()
# forward + backward + optimize
outputs = net(inputs)
loss = criterion(outputs, labels)
loss.backward()
optimizer.step()
# print statistics
running_loss += loss.item()
if i % 2000 == 1999: # print every 2000 mini-batches
print('[%d, %5d] loss: %.3f' %
(epoch + 1, i + 1, running_loss / 2000))
running_loss = 0.0
print('Finished Training')综合：
import torch
import torchvision
import torchvision.transforms as transforms
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F
import torch.optim as optim
class Net(nn.Module):
def __init__(self):
super(Net, self).__init__()
self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(3, 6, 5)
self.pool = nn.MaxPool2d(2, 2)
self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(6, 16, 5)
self.fc1 = nn.Linear(16 * 5 * 5, 120)
self.fc2 = nn.Linear(120, 84)
self.fc3 = nn.Linear(84, 10)
def forward(self, x):
x = self.pool(F.relu(self.conv1(x)))
x = self.pool(F.relu(self.conv2(x)))
x = x.view(-1, 16 * 5 * 5)
x = F.relu(self.fc1(x))
x = F.relu(self.fc2(x))
x = self.fc3(x)
return x
transform = transforms.Compose(
[transforms.ToTensor(),
transforms.Normalize((0.5, 0.5, 0.5), (0.5, 0.5, 0.5))])
trainset = torchvision.datasets.CIFAR10(root='./data', train=True,
download=True, transform=transform)
trainloader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(trainset, batch_size=4,
shuffle=True, num_workers=0)
testset = torchvision.datasets.CIFAR10(root='./data', train=False,
download=True, transform=transform)
testloader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(testset, batch_size=4,
shuffle=False, num_workers=0)
classes = ('plane', 'car', 'bird', 'cat',
'deer', 'dog', 'frog', 'horse', 'ship', 'truck')
net = Net()
criterion = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
optimizer = optim.SGD(net.parameters(), lr=0.001, momentum=0.9)
for epoch in range(2): # loop over the dataset multiple times
running_loss = 0.0
for i, data in enumerate(trainloader, 0):
# get the inputs; data is a list of [inputs, labels]
inputs, labels = data
# zero the parameter gradients
optimizer.zero_grad()
# forward + backward + optimize
outputs = net(inputs)
loss = criterion(outputs, labels)
loss.backward()
optimizer.step()
# print statistics
running_loss += loss.item()
if i % 2000 == 1999: # print every 2000 mini-batches
print('[%d, %5d] loss: %.3f' %
(epoch + 1, i + 1, running_loss / 2000))
running_loss = 0.0
print('Finished Training')输出结果：
运行代码出现的问题：
首先应当将整个代码按照加载数据集启动网络定义损失函数训练网路的顺序来执行
BrokenPipeError: [Errno 32] Broken pipe
这是因为windows下多线程的问题，和DataLoader类有关
官方解答：https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/pull/5585
官方方案：https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/pull/5585/files/1dfcd28a04e5a1db16da7894f2e2305a5bc41935
参考解决方案：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_33666011/article/details/81873217
解决方案：
修改调用torch.utils.data.DataLoader()函数时的 num_workers 参数。该参数官方API解释如下：
|
该参数是指在进行数据集加载时，启用的线程数目。截止当前2018年5月9日11:15:52，如官方未解决该BUG，则可以通过修改num_works参数为 0 ，只启用一个主进程加载数据集，避免在windows使用多线程即可。
即：
trainset = torchvision.datasets.CIFAR10(root='./data', train=True,
download=True, transform=transform)
trainloader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(trainset, batch_size=4,
shuffle=True, num_workers=0)
testset = torchvision.datasets.CIFAR10(root='./data', train=False,
download=True, transform=transform)
testloader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(testset, batch_size=4,
shuffle=False, num_workers=0)
错误输出：
(base) C:\Users\Administrator>python C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\CNet.py
Files already downloaded and verified
Files already downloaded and verified
Files already downloaded and verified
Files already downloaded and verified
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<string>", line 1, in <module>
File "D:\Anaconda3\lib\multiprocessing\spawn.py", line 105, in spawn_main
exitcode = _main(fd)
File "D:\Anaconda3\lib\multiprocessing\spawn.py", line 114, in _main
prepare(preparation_data)
File "D:\Anaconda3\lib\multiprocessing\spawn.py", line 225, in prepare
_fixup_main_from_path(data['init_main_from_path'])
File "D:\Anaconda3\lib\multiprocessing\spawn.py", line 277, in _fixup_main_fro
m_path
run_name="__mp_main__")
File "D:\Anaconda3\lib\runpy.py", line 263, in run_path
pkg_name=pkg_name, script_name=fname)
File "D:\Anaconda3\lib\runpy.py", line 96, in _run_module_code
mod_name, mod_spec, pkg_name, script_name)
File "D:\Anaconda3\lib\runpy.py", line 85, in _run_code
exec(code, run_globals)
File "C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\CNet.py", line 56, in <module>
for i, data in enumerate(trainloader, 0):
File "D:\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\torch\utils\data\dataloader.py", line 193
, in __iter__
return _DataLoaderIter(self)
File "D:\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\torch\utils\data\dataloader.py", line 469
, in __init__
w.start()
File "D:\Anaconda3\lib\multiprocessing\process.py", line 112, in start
self._popen = self._Popen(self)
File "D:\Anaconda3\lib\multiprocessing\context.py", line 223, in _Popen
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\CNet.py", line 56, in <module>
for i, data in enumerate(trainloader, 0):
return _default_context.get_context().Process._Popen(process_obj) File "D:\Anac
onda3\lib\site-packages\torch\utils\data\dataloader.py", line 193, in __iter__
return _DataLoaderIter(self) File "D:\Anaconda3\lib\multiprocessing\context
.py", line 322, in _Popen
File "D:\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\torch\utils\data\dataloader.py", line 469
, in __init__
w.start()
return Popen(process_obj) File "D:\Anaconda3\lib\multiprocessing\process.py", l
ine 112, in start
File "D:\Anaconda3\lib\multiprocessing\popen_spawn_win32.py", line 33, in __in
it__
self._popen = self._Popen(self)
prep_data = spawn.get_preparation_data(process_obj._name)
File "D:\Anaconda3\lib\multiprocessing\context.py", line 223, in _Popen
File "D:\Anaconda3\lib\multiprocessing\spawn.py", line 143, in get_preparation
_data
return _default_context.get_context().Process._Popen(process_obj)
_check_not_importing_main() File "D:\Anaconda3\lib\multiprocessing\context.py",
line 322, in _Popen
File "D:\Anaconda3\lib\multiprocessing\spawn.py", line 136, in _check_not_impo
rting_main
return Popen(process_obj)
is not going to be frozen to produce an executable.''') File "D:\Anaconda3\lib\
multiprocessing\popen_spawn_win32.py", line 65, in __init__
RuntimeErrorreduction.dump(process_obj, to_child):
An attempt has been made to start a new process before the
current process has finished its bootstrapping phase.
This probably means that you are not using fork to start your
child processes and you have forgotten to use the proper idiom
in the main module:
if __name__ == '__main__':
freeze_support()
...
The "freeze_support()" line can be omitted if the program
is not going to be frozen to produce an executable. File "D:\Anaconda3\
lib\multiprocessing\reduction.py", line 60, in dump
ForkingPickler(file, protocol).dump(obj)
BrokenPipeError: [Errno 32] Broken pipe
(base) C:\Users\Administrator>测试网络
我们已经在训练数据集上训练了2次。
将通过预测神经网络输出的类标签来检查，并根据真值进行检查。如果预测正确，将样本添加到正确预测列表中。
在展示了真值图像之后，我们令神经网络去预测结果，对于一张图片，神经网络有10个分类预测，将预测可能性最高的一类输出。
dataiter = iter(testloader)
images, labels = dataiter.next()
# print images
imshow(torchvision.utils.make_grid(images))
print('GroundTruth: ', ' '.join('%5s' % classes[labels[j]] for j in range(4)))
# predicted images
outputs = net(images)
# the outputs are energies for the 10 classes.
# Higher the energy for a class, the more the network
# thinks that the image is of the particular class
# So, let's get the index of the highest energy
_, predicted = torch.max(outputs, 1)
print('Predicted: ', ' '.join('%5s' % classes[predicted[j]]
for j in range(4)))应当注意imshow是我们之前定义过的函数，如果在同一个py文件中应当预先定义其细节。
整体运行输出结果：
预测结果：
看看网络如何在整个数据集上执行
correct = 0
total = 0
with torch.no_grad():
for data in testloader:
images, labels = data
outputs = net(images)
_, predicted = torch.max(outputs.data, 1)
total += labels.size(0)
correct += (predicted == labels).sum().item()
print('Accuracy of the network on the 10000 test images: %d %%' % (
100 * correct / total))Accuracy of the network on the 10000 test images: 54 %
这个结果大于10%（从十个结果当中随机选择一个的概率），说明网络还是学习到了些
我们再每一个类都看一看，学习率是多少
class_correct = list(0. for i in range(10))
class_total = list(0. for i in range(10))
with torch.no_grad():
for data in testloader:
images, labels = data
outputs = net(images)
_, predicted = torch.max(outputs, 1)
c = (predicted == labels).squeeze()
for i in range(4):
label = labels[i]
class_correct[label] += c[i].item()
class_total[label] += 1
for i in range(10):
print('Accuracy of %5s : %2d %%' % (
classes[i], 100 * class_correct[i] / class_total[i]))Accuracy of plane : 68 %
Accuracy of car : 77 %
Accuracy of bird : 30 %
Accuracy of cat : 62 %
Accuracy of deer : 50 %
Accuracy of dog : 32 %
Accuracy of frog : 61 %
Accuracy of horse : 54 %
Accuracy of ship : 64 %
Accuracy of truck : 57 %
根据结果来看汽车的识别率最高，鸟类的识别率最低，但都高于10%说明还是有所学习的。
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