曲面的切平面与法线

 设曲面方程为$\Sigma :F(x,y,z)=0$，在曲面上任取一条通过点$M_0(x_0,y_0,z_0)$的曲线$$\Gamma :\{\begin{array}{rl}x& =\phi (t)\\ y& =\psi (t)\\ z& =\omega (t)\end{array},$$曲线在$M_0$处的切向量 T ⃗ = { x ′ ( t 0 ) , y ′ ( t 0 ) , z ′ ( t 0 ) } \vec{T}=\{x^{\prime}(t_0),y^{\prime}(t_0),z^{\prime}(t_0)\} T ={x′(t0​),y′(t0​),z′(t0​)}，由于$\Gamma$在$\Sigma$上，故有$F(\phi (t),\psi (t),\omega (t))=0$，上式在$M$处关于$t$求导，则有$$\begin{array}{rl}& F_x(M_0){\phi }^{\prime }(t_0)+F_y(M_0){\psi }^{\prime }(t_0)+F_z(M_0){\omega }^{\prime }(t_0)=0\\ ⟹& \left(F_x(M_0),F_y(M_0),F_z(M_0)\right)\cdot \left(x^{\prime }(t_0),y^{\prime }(t_0),z^{\prime }(t_0)\right)=0\end{array}$$令 n ⃗ = { F x ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) , F y ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) , F z ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) } \vec{n}=\left\{F_x(x_0,y_0,z_0),F_y(x_0,y_0,z_0),F_z(x_0,y_0,z_0)\right\} n ={Fx​(x0​,y0​,z0​),Fy​(x0​,y0​,z0​),Fz​(x0​,y0​,z0​)}，曲面上在$M_0$的切线都与同一向量$\vec{n}$垂直，故曲面上通过$M_0$的一切曲线在点$M_0$的切线都在同一平面上，这个平面称为曲面在点$M_0$的切平面。通过点$M(x_0,y_0,z_0)$而垂直于切平面的直线称为曲线在该点的法线。法线方程为：$$\frac{x-x_0}{F_x(x_0,y_0,z_0)}=\frac{y-y_0}{F_y(x_0,y_0,z_0)}=\frac{z-z_0}{F_z(x_0,y_0,z_0)}$$曲面在$M$处的法向量，即为 n ⃗ = { F x ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) , F y ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) , F z ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) } \vec{n}=\{F_x(x_0,y_0,z_0),F_y(x_0,y_0,z_0),F_z(x_0,y_0,z_0)\} n ={Fx​(x0​,y0​,z0​),Fy​(x0​,y0​,z0​),Fz​(x0​,y0​,z0​)}

 空间曲面方程为$z=f(x,y)$，令$$F(x,y,z)=f(x,y)-z$$曲面在$M_0$处的切平面方程为$$\begin{array}{rl}& (F_x(x_0,y_0,z_0),F_y(x_0,y_0,z_0),F_z(x_0,y_0,z_0))\cdot (x-x_0,y-y_0,z-z_0)=0\\ ⟹& F_x(x_0,y_0,z_0)(x-x_0)+F_y(x_0,y_0,z_0)(x_0,y_0)+F_z(x_0,y_0,z_0)(z-z_0)=0\\ ⟹& f_x(x_0,y_0)(x-x_0)+f_y(x_0,y_0)(y-y_0)-(z-z_0)=0\\ ⟹& f_x(x_0,y_0)(x-x_0)+f_y(x_0,y_0)(y-y_0)=z-z_0\end{array}$$曲线在$M_0$处的法线方程为$$\frac{x-x_0}{f_x(x_0,y_0)}=\frac{y-y_0}{f_y(x_0,y_0)}=\frac{z-z_0}{-1}$$曲面$z=f(x,y)$在$M_0$处法向量 n ⃗ = { f x ( x 0 , y 0 ) , f y ( x 0 , y 0 ) , − 1 } \vec{n}=\{f_x(x_0,y_0),f_y(x_0,y_0),-1\} n ={fx​(x0​,y0​),fy​(x0​,y0​),−1}。