Pytorch可视化
1. 可视化网络结构
使用torchinfo
- 安装
!pip install torchinfo
- 使用 :
torchinfo.summary(net, input)
import torchvision.models as models
from torchinfo import summary
resnet18 = models.resnet18() # 实例化模型
summary(resnet18, (1, 3, 224, 224)) # 1：batch_size 3:图片的通道数 224: 图片的高宽
- 结构化输出
==========================================================================================
Layer (type:depth-idx) Output Shape Param #
==========================================================================================
ResNet [1, 1000] --
├─Conv2d: 1-1 [1, 64, 112, 112] 9,408
├─BatchNorm2d: 1-2 [1, 64, 112, 112] 128
├─ReLU: 1-3 [1, 64, 112, 112] --
├─MaxPool2d: 1-4 [1, 64, 56, 56] --
├─Sequential: 1-5 [1, 64, 56, 56] --
│ └─BasicBlock: 2-1 [1, 64, 56, 56] --
│ │ └─Conv2d: 3-1 [1, 64, 56, 56] 36,864
│ │ └─BatchNorm2d: 3-2 [1, 64, 56, 56] 128
│ │ └─ReLU: 3-3 [1, 64, 56, 56] --
│ │ └─Conv2d: 3-4 [1, 64, 56, 56] 36,864
│ │ └─BatchNorm2d: 3-5 [1, 64, 56, 56] 128
│ │ └─ReLU: 3-6 [1, 64, 56, 56] --
│ └─BasicBlock: 2-2 [1, 64, 56, 56] --
│ │ └─Conv2d: 3-7 [1, 64, 56, 56] 36,864
│ │ └─BatchNorm2d: 3-8 [1, 64, 56, 56] 128
│ │ └─ReLU: 3-9 [1, 64, 56, 56] --
│ │ └─Conv2d: 3-10 [1, 64, 56, 56] 36,864
│ │ └─BatchNorm2d: 3-11 [1, 64, 56, 56] 128
│ │ └─ReLU: 3-12 [1, 64, 56, 56] --
├─Sequential: 1-6 [1, 128, 28, 28] --
│ └─BasicBlock: 2-3 [1, 128, 28, 28] --
│ │ └─Conv2d: 3-13 [1, 128, 28, 28] 73,728
│ │ └─BatchNorm2d: 3-14 [1, 128, 28, 28] 256
│ │ └─ReLU: 3-15 [1, 128, 28, 28] --
│ │ └─Conv2d: 3-16 [1, 128, 28, 28] 147,456
│ │ └─BatchNorm2d: 3-17 [1, 128, 28, 28] 256
│ │ └─Sequential: 3-18 [1, 128, 28, 28] 8,448
│ │ └─ReLU: 3-19 [1, 128, 28, 28] --
│ └─BasicBlock: 2-4 [1, 128, 28, 28] --
│ │ └─Conv2d: 3-20 [1, 128, 28, 28] 147,456
│ │ └─BatchNorm2d: 3-21 [1, 128, 28, 28] 256
│ │ └─ReLU: 3-22 [1, 128, 28, 28] --
│ │ └─Conv2d: 3-23 [1, 128, 28, 28] 147,456
│ │ └─BatchNorm2d: 3-24 [1, 128, 28, 28] 256
│ │ └─ReLU: 3-25 [1, 128, 28, 28] --
├─Sequential: 1-7 [1, 256, 14, 14] --
│ └─BasicBlock: 2-5 [1, 256, 14, 14] --
│ │ └─Conv2d: 3-26 [1, 256, 14, 14] 294,912
│ │ └─BatchNorm2d: 3-27 [1, 256, 14, 14] 512
│ │ └─ReLU: 3-28 [1, 256, 14, 14] --
│ │ └─Conv2d: 3-29 [1, 256, 14, 14] 589,824
│ │ └─BatchNorm2d: 3-30 [1, 256, 14, 14] 512
│ │ └─Sequential: 3-31 [1, 256, 14, 14] 33,280
│ │ └─ReLU: 3-32 [1, 256, 14, 14] --
│ └─BasicBlock: 2-6 [1, 256, 14, 14] --
│ │ └─Conv2d: 3-33 [1, 256, 14, 14] 589,824
│ │ └─BatchNorm2d: 3-34 [1, 256, 14, 14] 512
│ │ └─ReLU: 3-35 [1, 256, 14, 14] --
│ │ └─Conv2d: 3-36 [1, 256, 14, 14] 589,824
│ │ └─BatchNorm2d: 3-37 [1, 256, 14, 14] 512
│ │ └─ReLU: 3-38 [1, 256, 14, 14] --
├─Sequential: 1-8 [1, 512, 7, 7] --
│ └─BasicBlock: 2-7 [1, 512, 7, 7] --
│ │ └─Conv2d: 3-39 [1, 512, 7, 7] 1,179,648
│ │ └─BatchNorm2d: 3-40 [1, 512, 7, 7] 1,024
│ │ └─ReLU: 3-41 [1, 512, 7, 7] --
│ │ └─Conv2d: 3-42 [1, 512, 7, 7] 2,359,296
│ │ └─BatchNorm2d: 3-43 [1, 512, 7, 7] 1,024
│ │ └─Sequential: 3-44 [1, 512, 7, 7] 132,096
│ │ └─ReLU: 3-45 [1, 512, 7, 7] --
│ └─BasicBlock: 2-8 [1, 512, 7, 7] --
│ │ └─Conv2d: 3-46 [1, 512, 7, 7] 2,359,296
│ │ └─BatchNorm2d: 3-47 [1, 512, 7, 7] 1,024
│ │ └─ReLU: 3-48 [1, 512, 7, 7] --
│ │ └─Conv2d: 3-49 [1, 512, 7, 7] 2,359,296
│ │ └─BatchNorm2d: 3-50 [1, 512, 7, 7] 1,024
│ │ └─ReLU: 3-51 [1, 512, 7, 7] --
├─AdaptiveAvgPool2d: 1-9 [1, 512, 1, 1] --
├─Linear: 1-10 [1, 1000] 513,000
==========================================================================================
Total params: 11,689,512
Trainable params: 11,689,512
Non-trainable params: 0
Total mult-adds (G): 1.81
==========================================================================================
Input size (MB): 0.60
Forward/backward pass size (MB): 39.75
Params size (MB): 46.76
Estimated Total Size (MB): 87.11
==========================================================================================
2. CNN可视化
2.1 CNN卷积核可视化
目的：观察模型提取到的特征
首先加载模型，利用print(dict(model.features.named_children()))确定模型的层信息：
可视化对应卷积层（Conv2d）的参数：
conv1 = dict(model.features.named_children())['3']
kernel_set = conv1.weight.detach()
num = len(conv1.weight.detach())
print(kernel_set.shape)
for i in range(0,num):
i_kernel = kernel_set[i]
plt.figure(figsize=(20, 17))
if (len(i_kernel)) > 1:
for idx, filer in enumerate(i_kernel):
plt.subplot(9, 9, idx+1)
plt.axis('off')
plt.imshow(filer[ :, :].detach(),cmap='bwr')
2.2 CNN特征图可视化方法
目的： 观察模型提取到的特征是什么样子
在PyTorch中，提供了一个专用的接口使得网络在前向传播过程中能够获取到特征图，hook。可以想象这样的场景，具体实现如下：
class Hook(object):
def __init__(self):
self.module_name = []
self.features_in_hook = []
self.features_out_hook = []
def __call__(self,module, fea_in, fea_out):
print("hooker working", self)
self.module_name.append(module.__class__)
self.features_in_hook.append(fea_in)
self.features_out_hook.append(fea_out)
return None
def plot_feature(model, idx, inputs):
hh = Hook()
model.features[idx].register_forward_hook(hh)
# forward_model(model,False)
model.eval()
_ = model(inputs)
print(hh.module_name)
print((hh.features_in_hook[0][0].shape))
print((hh.features_out_hook[0].shape))
out1 = hh.features_out_hook[0]
total_ft = out1.shape[1]
first_item = out1[0].cpu().clone()
plt.figure(figsize=(20, 17))
for ftidx in range(total_ft):
if ftidx > 99:
break
ft = first_item[ftidx]
plt.subplot(10, 10, ftidx+1)
plt.axis('off')
#plt.imshow(ft[ :, :].detach(),cmap='gray')
plt.imshow(ft[ :, :].detach())
2.3 CNN class activation map 可视化
class activation map （CAM）的作用是判断哪些变量对模型来说是重要的，在CNN可视化的场景下，即判断图像中哪些像素点对预测结果是重要的。除了确定重要的像素点，人们也会对重要区域的梯度感兴趣，因此在CAM的基础上也进一步改进得到了Grad-CAM（以及诸多变种）。
相比可视化卷积核与可视化特征图，CAM系列可视化更为直观，能够一目了然地确定重要区域，进而进行可解释性分析或模型优化改进。CAM系列操作的实现可以通过开源工具包pytorch-grad-cam来实现。
- 安装
pip install grad-cam
- 一个简单的例子
import torch
from torchvision.models import vgg11,resnet18,resnet101,resnext101_32x8d
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from PIL import Image
import numpy as np
model = vgg11(pretrained=True)
img_path = './dog.png'
# resize操作是为了和传入神经网络训练图片大小一致
img = Image.open(img_path).resize((224,224))
# 需要将原始图片转为np.float32格式并且在0-1之间
rgb_img = np.float32(img)/255
plt.imshow(img)
from pytorch_grad_cam import GradCAM,ScoreCAM,GradCAMPlusPlus,AblationCAM,XGradCAM,EigenCAM,FullGrad
from pytorch_grad_cam.utils.model_targets import ClassifierOutputTarget
from pytorch_grad_cam.utils.image import show_cam_on_image
target_layers = [model.features[-1]]
# 选取合适的类激活图，但是ScoreCAM和AblationCAM需要batch_size
cam = GradCAM(model=model,target_layers=target_layers)
targets = [ClassifierOutputTarget(preds)]
# 上方preds需要设定，比如ImageNet有1000类，这里可以设为200
grayscale_cam = cam(input_tensor=img_tensor, targets=targets)
grayscale_cam = grayscale_cam[0, :]
cam_img = show_cam_on_image(rgb_img, grayscale_cam, use_rgb=True)
print(type(cam_img))
Image.fromarray(cam_img)
2.4 使用FlashTorch快速实现CNN可视化
快速实现CNN可视化——FlashTorch。
- 安装
pip install flashtorch
- 可视化梯度
# Download example images
# !mkdir -p images
# !wget -nv \
# https://github.com/MisaOgura/flashtorch/raw/master/examples/images/great_grey_owl.jpg \
# https://github.com/MisaOgura/flashtorch/raw/master/examples/images/peacock.jpg \
# https://github.com/MisaOgura/flashtorch/raw/master/examples/images/toucan.jpg \
# -P /content/images
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import torchvision.models as models
from flashtorch.utils import apply_transforms, load_image
from flashtorch.saliency import Backprop
model = models.alexnet(pretrained=True)
backprop = Backprop(model)
image = load_image('/content/images/great_grey_owl.jpg')
owl = apply_transforms(image)
target_class = 24
backprop.visualize(owl, target_class, guided=True, use_gpu=True)
- 可视化卷积核
import torchvision.models as models
from flashtorch.activmax import GradientAscent
model = models.vgg16(pretrained=True)
g_ascent = GradientAscent(model.features)
# specify layer and filter info
conv5_1 = model.features[24]
conv5_1_filters = [45, 271, 363, 489]
g_ascent.visualize(conv5_1, conv5_1_filters, title="VGG16: conv5_1")
3. 使用TensorBoard可视化训练过程
TensorBoard相当于一个记录员，会记录指定的数据，包括模型每层的feature map、权重、以及训练loss。
TensorBoard将记录的内容保存在用户指定的文件夹里，程序不断运行，TensorBoard不断记录。
3.1. 安装
pip install tensorboardX
3.2. 配置和启动
- 实例化
SummaryWritter为变量writer，并指定writer的输出目录为当前目录下的"runs"目录
from tensorboardX import SumaryWriter
writer = SummaryWriter('./runs')
# -------------------------------------------------
# 使用PyTorch自带的TensorBoard
from torch.utils.tensorboard import SummaryWriter
- 启动
tensorboard,在命令行中输入
tensorboard --logdir=/path/to/logs/ --port=xxxx
3.3. TensorBoard模型结构可视化
writer.add_graph(model, input_to_model = torch.rand(1, 3, 224, 224))
writer.close()
3.4. TensorBoard图像可视化
-
对于单张图片的显示使用add_image
-
对于多张图片的显示使用add_images
-
有时需要使用torchvision.utils.make_grid将多张图片拼成一张图片后，用writer.add_image显示
import torchvision
from torchvision import datasets, transforms
from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
transform_train = transforms.Compose(
[transforms.ToTensor()])
transform_test = transforms.Compose(
[transforms.ToTensor()])
train_data = datasets.CIFAR10(".", train=True, download=True, transform=transform_train)
test_data = datasets.CIFAR10(".", train=False, download=True, transform=transform_test)
train_loader = DataLoader(train_data, batch_size=64, shuffle=True)
test_loader = DataLoader(test_data, batch_size=64)
images, labels = next(iter(train_loader))
# 仅查看一张图片
writer = SummaryWriter('./pytorch_tb')
writer.add_image('images[0]', images[0])
writer.close()
# 将多张图片拼接成一张图片，中间用黑色网格分割
# create grid of images
writer = SummaryWriter('./pytorch_tb')
img_grid = torchvision.utils.make_grid(images)
writer.add_image('image_grid', img_grid)
writer.close()
# 将多张图片直接写入
writer = SummaryWriter('./pytorch_tb')
writer.add_images("images",images,global_step = 0)
writer.close()
3.5. TensorBoard连续变量可视化
writer = SummaryWriter('./pytorch_tb')
for i in range(500):
x = i
y = x**2
writer.add_scalar("x", x, i) #日志中记录x在第step i 的值
writer.add_scalar("y", y, i) #日志中记录y在第step i 的值
writer.close()
3.6. TensorBoard参数分布可视化
import torch
import numpy as np
# 创建正态分布的张量模拟参数矩阵
def norm(mean, std):
t = std * torch.randn((100, 20)) + mean
return t
writer = SummaryWriter('./pytorch_tb/')
for step, mean in enumerate(range(-10, 10, 1)):
w = norm(mean, 1)
writer.add_histogram("w", w, step)
writer.flush()
writer.close()
3.7. 服务器端使用TensorBoard
- 在xshell中添加6606端口的隧道
- 将远程6606端口映射到本地
- 在服务器端运行
tensorboard --logdir=xxx --port=6006 - 在浏览器中打开映射到本地的端口
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