Transmission lines fundamentals

Transmission lines fundamentals

Reference:
Slides of EE4C05, TUD
Pozar D M. Microwave engineering

What is a transmission line

A Tx-line is a two-port network connecting a generator circuit at the sending end to a load at the receiving end.

• Circuit VS Transmission Line

  Circuit: low frequency, wavelength is much larger than the circuit size, approximately same phases at different locations in the circuit

Transmission line: high frequency, wavelength is much smaller than circuit size, different phases at different locations in the circuit

Unlike in circuit theory, the length of a transmission line is very important in transmission line analysis

• EM waves in transmission lines

  Modes: vector functions that represent the distribution of the field in the plane transverse to the direction of propagation

In bounded problems, boundary conditions lead to field representations
as summation of modes
$$\vec{E}(\vec{r})=\sum _m{V}_m(z){\vec{e}}_m(x,y),\vec{H}(\vec{r})=\sum _m{I}_m(z){\vec{h}}_m(x,y)$$
Of all the modes only 1 is typically useful: fundamental mode
$$\vec{E}(\vec{r})=V(z){\vec{e}}_0(x,y),\vec{H}(\vec{r})=I(z){\vec{h}}_0(x,y)$$
Voltage and currents: scalar amplitudes of the dominant mode

Solutions ($\vec{E},\vec{H}$) for TEM from Maxwell Equations

Maxwell’s Equations in absence of sources

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propagation constant and Helmholtz equations

From M.E., we have
$$\begin{array}{rl}\nabla \times \vec{E}=& -j\omega \mu \vec{H}\\ \nabla \times \vec{H}=& j\omega \epsilon \vec{E}\end{array}$$
Take curl of both sides of the first equation.
$$\nabla \times \nabla \times \vec{E}=-j\omega \mu \nabla \times \vec{H}=-j\omega \mu (j\omega \epsilon \vec{E})={\omega }^2\epsilon \mu \vec{E}$$
Note that $\nabla \times \nabla \times \vec{E}=\nabla (\nabla \cdot \vec{E})-{\nabla }^2\vec{E}=-{\nabla }^2\vec{E}$, we obtain
$${\nabla }^2\vec{E}+{\omega }^2\epsilon \mu \vec{E}=0$$
Analogously, if we started from the other Maxwell equation,
$${\nabla }^2\vec{H}+{\omega }^2\epsilon \mu \vec{H}=0$$
Defining the propagation constant $k=\omega \sqrt{\epsilon \mu }$, we obtain the Homogeneous wave equations (Helmholtz)
$$\begin{array}{rl}{\nabla }^2\vec{E}+k^2\vec{E}=& 0\\ {\nabla }^2\vec{H}+k^2\vec{H}=& 0\end{array}$$

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separation of variables

By assuming that the dependence from $z$ is the one typical of a wave travelling along $+z$, the field can be written as the product of a function of only $(x,y)$ and a function of only $(z)$:
$$\begin{gathered} \vec{E}(x,y,z)=[e_x(x,y)\hat{x}+e_y(x,y)\hat{y}+e_z(x,y)\hat{z}]e^{-jkz} \\ \vec{H}(x,y,z)=[h_x(x,y)\hat{x}+h_y(x,y)\hat{y}+h_z(x,y)\hat{z}]e^{-jkz} \end{gathered}$$
Define transverse part and longitudinal part:

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search for TEM solutions

Recall that for TEM, both E-and H-field orthogonal to direction of propagation.

Therefore, the longitudinal parts are $e_z=h_z=0$. Then
$$\vec{E}(\vec{r})={\vec{e}}_t(x,y)e^{-jkz}$$
Plugging it into ${\nabla }^2\vec{E}+k^2\vec{E}=0$:
$${\nabla }^2{\vec{e}}_t(x,y)e^{-jkz}+k^2{\vec{e}}_t(x,y)e^{-jkz}=0$$
Expanding the Laplacian using
$$\begin{array}{rl}{\nabla }^{2}f& ={\partial }_x^{2}f+{\partial }_y^{2}f+{\partial }_z^{2}f\\ {\nabla }^2\vec{A}& ={\nabla }^2{A}_x\hat{x}+{\nabla }^2{A}_y\hat{y}+{\nabla }^2{A}_z\hat{z}\end{array}$$
We obtain
$$\begin{array}{rl}{\nabla }^2{\vec{e}}_t(x,y)e^{-jkz}& =({\nabla }_t^2+{\partial }_z^2){\vec{e}}_t(x,y)e^{-jkz}\\ & =e^{-jkz}{\nabla }_t^2{\vec{e}}_t(x,y)-k^2{\vec{e}}_t(x,y)e^{-jkz}\end{array}$$
Therefore,
$$e^{-jkz}{\nabla }_t^2{\vec{e}}_t(x,y)=0\Rightarrow {\nabla }_t^2{\vec{e}}_t(x,y)=0$$
Similarly
$${\nabla }_t^2{\vec{h}}_t(x,y)=0$$
They are like static fields in absence of sources:
$$\{\begin{array}{l}{\nabla }_t\cdot {\vec{e}}_t=0\\ {\nabla }_t\times {\vec{e}}_t=0\end{array}\{\begin{array}{l}{\nabla }_t\cdot {\vec{h}}_t=0\\ {\nabla }_t\times {\vec{h}}_t=0\end{array}$$
In electrostatics, the E-field can be expressed as gradient of a scalar potential $\Phi (x,y):{\vec{e}}_t(x,y)=-{\nabla }_t\Phi (x,y)$
which also satisfies Laplace equation: ${\nabla }_t^2\Phi (x,y)=0$

Voltage and current ($V,I$) in a transmission line

Like static fields in (x,y)
$$\begin{array}{rl}{\nabla }_t^2{\vec{e}}_t(x,y)=& 0\\ {\nabla }_t^2{\vec{h}}_t(x,y)=& 0\end{array}$$
Analogous to the statics, we can also define

1. the voltage between the two conductors:
   $$V={\varphi }_1-{\varphi }_2={\int }_1^2\vec{E}\cdot d\vec{l}$$

2. the current flowing on a conductor (Ampere’s law):
   $$I={\oint }_C\vec{H}\cdot d\vec{l}$$
   𝐶: closed path surrounding the cross-section of the conductor

3. We define the characteristic impedance of the line as
   $$Z_0=V/I$$

Like waves in (z)
$$\begin{array}{rl}V(z)=& e^{-jkz}\\ I(z)=& e^{-jkz}\end{array}$$

The characteristic impedance is
$$Z_0=\frac{V_{+}}{I_{+}}=-\frac{V_{-}}{I_{-}}$$
Why minus? The change of travelling direction does not change the direction of $\vec{E}$, but change the direction of $\vec{H}$

Summary

structure that guides EM waves in a chosen direction and confines it in the plane transverse to the propagation direction

more in 3.1 Pozar D M. Microwave engineering[M]. John wiley & sons, 2009.

Relation between $\vec{E}$ and $\vec{H}$ fields

Note that $\nabla \times \vec{E}=-j\omega \mu \vec{H}$, $\vec{E}(\vec{r})={\vec{e}}_t(x,y)e^{-jkz}$,
$$\vec{H}=-\frac{1}{j\omega \mu }\nabla \times \vec{E}=-\frac{1}{j\omega \mu }\nabla \times ({\vec{e}}_t(x,y)e^{-jkz}).$$
Using the vector identity: $\nabla \times (f\vec{A})=\nabla f\times \vec{A}+f\nabla \times \vec{A}$,
$$\begin{array}{rl}\vec{H}& =-\frac{1}{j\omega \mu }(\nabla e^{-jkz}\times {\vec{e}}_t(x,y)+e^{-jkz}\nabla \times {\vec{e}}_t(x,y))\\ & \stackrel{a}{=}-\frac{1}{j\omega \mu }\nabla e^{-jkz}\times {\vec{e}}_t(x,y)=\frac{k}{\omega \mu }{e}^{-jkz}\hat{z}\times {\vec{e}}_t(x,y)\end{array}$$
where $\stackrel{a}{=}$ is because that ${\hat{e}}_t(x,y)$ is analogous to the static field.

Since $k=\omega \sqrt{\epsilon \mu }$,
$$\frac{k}{\omega \mu }=\frac{\omega \sqrt{\epsilon \mu }}{\omega \mu }=\sqrt{\frac{\epsilon }{\mu }}=\frac{1}{\zeta }$$
Define the medium impedance:
$$\zeta =\sqrt{\frac{\mu }{\epsilon }}$$
Thus,
$$\vec{H}=\frac{1}{\zeta }\hat{z}\times {\vec{e}}_t(x,y)e^{-jkz}=\frac{1}{\zeta }\hat{z}\times \vec{E}$$
and wave impedance
$$Z_{TEM}\triangleq \frac{|E|}{|H|}=\zeta$$
is equal to the intrinsic medium impedance.

Procedure for analyzing a TEM line

Parallel plate waveguide (PPW)

We assume that $W\gg d$. With this argument we can neglect the fringing of the field around the edges.

Step 1: Solving Laplace eq. for $\Phi (x,y)$

Laplace’s eq. for the electrostatic potential
$${\nabla }_t^2\Phi (x,y)=0\text{for }0\le x\le W,0\le y\le d$$
Boundary conditions: we assume that
$$\Phi (x,0)=0,\Phi (x,d)=V_0$$
Since the potential is not varying in $x$, the general solution is of the form
$$\Phi (x,y)=A+By$$
From the boundary conditions we find
$$\Phi (x,y)=\frac{V_0}{d}y$$
Step 2: Transverse fields
$$\begin{array}{rl}& {\vec{e}}_t(x,y)=-{\nabla }_t\Phi (x,y)=-{\nabla }_t\frac{V_0}{d}y=-{\partial }_x\frac{V_0}{d}y\hat{x}-{\partial }_y\frac{V_0}{d}y\hat{y}=-\frac{V_0}{d}\hat{y}\\ & \vec{E}(\vec{r})={\vec{e}}_t(x,y)e^{-jkz}=-\frac{V_0}{d}{e}^{-jkz}\hat{y}\\ & {\vec{h}}_t(x,y)=\frac{1}{\zeta }\hat{z}\times {\vec{e}}_t(x,y)=\frac{1}{\zeta }\hat{z}\times \left(-\frac{V_0}{d}\hat{y}\right)=\frac{1}{\zeta }\frac{V_0}{d}\hat{x}\\ & \vec{H}(\vec{r})={\vec{h}}_t(x,y)e^{-jkz}=\frac{V_0}{\zeta d}{e}^{-jkz}\hat{x}\end{array}$$

Step 3: Voltage and Current

The voltage can be calculated from the electric field as
$$V=-{\int }_0^d\vec{E}(\vec{r})\cdot \hat{y}dy={\int }_0^d\frac{V_0}{d}{e}^{-jkz}\hat{y}\cdot \hat{y}dy=V_0{e}^{-jkz}=V(z)$$
The current can be calculated from the surface current density ${\vec{J}}_s$

From the boundary conditions of perfect conductor, we have
$${\vec{J}}_s=\hat{n}\times \vec{H},\hat{n}=-\hat{y}.$$
Thus
$$I={\int }_0^W{\vec{J}}_s\cdot \hat{z}dx={\int }_0^W-\hat{y}\times \vec{H}(\vec{r})\cdot \hat{z}dx={\int }_0^W-\hat{y}\times \left(\frac{V_0}{\zeta d}{e}^{-jkz}\hat{x}\right)\cdot \hat{z}dx=\frac{W}{\zeta d}{V}_0{e}^{-jkz}=I(z)$$
Step 4: Transmission line parameters

The characteristic impedance of a line is the ratio between voltage and current:
$$Z_0=\frac{V(z)}{I(z)}=\frac{d}{W}\zeta ,$$
which is a constant depends on geometry and the material parameters. (while wave impedance $Z_{TEM}=\frac{|E|}{|H|}=\zeta =\sqrt{\frac{\mu }{\epsilon }}$ only depends on material)

The propagation constant
$$k=\omega \sqrt{\epsilon \mu }$$
The phase velocity
$$c=\frac{\omega }{k}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{\epsilon \mu }}$$

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Power transported in PPW

An electromagnetic wave carries power, expressed as
$$\vec{s}(\vec{r},t)=\vec{e}(\vec{r},t)\times \vec{h}(\vec{r},t)(W/m^2)$$
directed along the propagation direction $(\hat{z})$

Phasor domain: S ⃗ a v = 1 2 ℜ { E ⃗ × H ⃗ ∗ } ( W / m 2 ) \vec S_{av}=\frac{1}{2}\Re\{\vec E \times \vec H^*\}\quad (W/m^2) S av​=21​ℜ{E ×H ∗}(W/m2)

Then
$$\begin{array}{rl}{\vec{S}}_{av}(\vec{r})& =\frac{1}{2}\Re \left\{-\frac{V^{+}}{d}{e}^{-jkz}\hat{y}\times {\left(\frac{I^{+}}{W}{e}^{-jkz}\hat{x}\right)}^{\ast }\right\}\\ & =\frac{1}{2}\Re \left\{-\frac{V^{+}}{d}{e}^{-jkz}\hat{y}\times \frac{I^{+\ast }}{W}{e}^{jkz}\hat{x}\right\}=\frac{1}{2}\frac{1}{dW}\Re \left\{V^{+}{I}^{+\ast }\right\}\hat{z}\\ P_{av}(z)& ={\int }_A{\vec{S}}_{av}(z)\cdot \hat{n}dA={\int }_A\frac{1}{2}\frac{1}{dW}\Re \left\{V^{+}{I}^{+\ast }\right\}\hat{z}\cdot \hat{z}dA\\ & =\frac{1}{2}\Re \left\{V^{+}{I}^{+\ast }\right\}=\frac{1}{2}{Z}_0|I^{+}{|}^2=\frac{1}{2}\frac{|V^{+}{|}^2}{Z_0}\end{array}$$
In TEM transmission lines, we can calculate power flow from $V,I$

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Transmission line circuit representation

More typical derivation using the lumped-element circuit model

From Pozar. 2.1

A transmission line is a distributed parameter network, where voltages and currents can vary in magnitude and phase over its length, while ordinary circuit analysis deals with lumped elements, where voltage and current do not vary appreciably over the physical dimension of the elements.

The piece of line of infinitesimal length $\Delta z$ can be modeled as a lumped-element circuit, where

$R=$ series resistance per unit length, for both conductors, in $\Omega /\mathrm{m}$
$L=$ series inductance per unit length, for both conductors, in $\mathrm{H}/\mathrm{m}.$
$G=$ shunt conductance per unit length, in $\mathrm{S}/\mathrm{m}$
$C=$ shunt capacitance per unit length, in $\mathrm{F}/\mathrm{m}.$

The series inductance $L$ represents the total self-inductance of the two conductors, and the shunt capacitance $C$ is due to the close proximity of the two conductors. The series resistance $R$ represents the resistance due to the finite conductivity of the individual conductors, and the shunt conductance $G$ is due to dielectric loss in the material between the conductors. $R$ and $G,$ therefore, represent loss.

From the circuit of the figure above, Kirchhoff’s voltage law can be applied to give
$$v(z,t)-R\Delta zi(z,t)-L\Delta z\frac{\partial i(z,t)}{\partial t}-v(z+\Delta z,t)=0\text{\hspace{1em}(CM.1a)}$$
and Kirchhoff’s current law leads to
$$i(z,t)-G\Delta zv(z+\Delta z,t)-C\Delta z\frac{\partial v(z+\Delta z,t)}{\partial t}-i(z+\Delta z,t)=0\text{\hspace{1em}(CM.1b)}$$
Dividing both equations by $\Delta z$ and taking the limit as $\Delta z\to 0$ gives the following differential equations:
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These are the time domain form of the transmission line equations, also known as the telegrapher equations. For the sinusoidal steady-state condition, with cosine-based phasors they can be simplified to
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The two equations can be solved simultaneously to give wave equations for $V(z)$ and $I(z)$: (Helmholtz equation)
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where
$$\gamma =\alpha +j\beta =\sqrt{(R+j\omega L)(G+j\omega C)}\text{\hspace{1em}(CM.5)}$$
is the complex propagation constant, which is a function of frequency. Traveling wave solutions can be found as
$$\begin{array}{rl}V(z)& =V_o^{+}{e}^{-\gamma z}+V_o^{-}{e}^{\gamma z}\\ I(z)& =I_o^{+}{e}^{-\gamma z}+I_o^{-}{e}^{\gamma z}\end{array}\text{\hspace{1em}(CM.6)}$$
where the $e^{-\gamma z}$ term represents wave propagation in the $+z$ direction, and the $e^{\gamma z}$ term represents wave propagation in the $-z$ direction. Applying $(\mathrm{C}\mathrm{M}.3a)$ to the voltage of $(\mathrm{C}\mathrm{M}.6a)$ gives the current on the line:
$$I(z)=\frac{\gamma }{R+j\omega L}\left(V_o^{+}{e}^{-\gamma z}-V_o^{-}{e}^{\gamma z}\right)$$
Comparison with $(\mathrm{C}\mathrm{M}.6b)$ shows that a characteristic impedance, $Z_0,$ can be defined as
$$Z_0=\frac{R+j\omega L}{\gamma }=\sqrt{\frac{R+j\omega L}{G+j\omega C}}\text{\hspace{1em}(CM.7)}$$
to relate the voltage and current on the line as follows:
$$\frac{V_o^{+}}{I_o^{+}}=Z_0=\frac{-V_o^{-}}{I_o^{-}}$$
Then $(2.6\mathrm{b})$ can be rewritten in the following form:
$$I(z)=\frac{V_o^{+}}{Z_0}{e}^{-\gamma z}-\frac{V_o^{-}}{Z_0}{e}^{\gamma z}\text{\hspace{1em}(CM.8)}$$
Converting back to the time domain, we can express the voltage waveform as
$$\begin{array}{rl}v(z,t)=& \left|V_o^{+}\right|\cos \left(\omega t-\beta z+{\varphi }^{+}\right)e^{-\alpha z}\\ & +\left|V_o^{-}\right|\cos \left(\omega t+\beta z+{\varphi }^{-}\right)e^{\alpha z}\end{array}\text{\hspace{1em}(CM.9)}$$
where ${\varphi }^{\pm }$ is the phase angle of the complex voltage $V_o^{\pm }$. Using arguments similar to those in Section $1.4,$ we find that the wavelength on the line is
$$\lambda =\frac{2\pi }{\beta }\text{\hspace{1em}(CM.10)}$$
and the phase velocity is
$$v_p=\frac{\omega }{\beta }=\lambda f.\text{\hspace{1em}(CM.11)}$$
The lossless line

The above solution is for a general transmission line, including loss effects, and it was seen that the propagation constant and characteristic impedance were complex. In many practical cases, however, the loss of the line is very small and so can be neglected, resulting in a simplification of the results. Setting $R=G=0$ gives the propagation constant as
$$\gamma =\alpha +j\beta =j\omega \sqrt{LC}$$
or
$$\begin{array}{l}\beta =\omega \sqrt{LC}\\ \alpha =0\end{array}\text{\hspace{1em}(CM.12)}$$
As expected for a lossless line, the attenuation constant $\alpha$ is zero. The characteristic impedance reduces to
$$Z_0=\sqrt{\frac{L}{C}}\text{\hspace{1em}(CM.13)}$$
which is now a real number. The general solutions for voltage and current on a lossless transmission line can then be written as
$$\begin{array}{l}V(z)=V_o^{+}{e}^{-j\beta z}+V_o^{-}{e}^{j\beta z}\\ I(z)=\frac{V_o^{+}}{Z_0}{e}^{-j\beta z}-\frac{V_o^{-}}{Z_0}{e}^{j\beta z}\end{array}\text{\hspace{1em}(CM.14)}$$
The wavelength is
$$\lambda =\frac{2\pi }{\beta }=\frac{2\pi }{\omega \sqrt{LC}}\text{\hspace{1em}(CM.15)}$$
and the phase velocity is
$$v_p=\frac{\omega }{\beta }=\frac{1}{\sqrt{LC}}\text{\hspace{1em}(CM.16)}$$

Summary: Transmission line parameters

Terminated lossless line

Voltage reflection coefficient

An incident wave is generated from a source:
$$V^{+}{e}^{-j{k}_{0}z}$$
A reflected wave will be generated at the edge:
$$V^{-}{e}^{j{k}_{0}z}$$
($V^{+}$ and $V^{-}$ can be complex number)

Voltage reflection coefficient:
$${\Gamma }_V=\frac{V^{-}}{V^{+}}$$
Total voltage and current at a generic point $z$:
$$\begin{array}{rl}V(z)& =V^{+}{e}^{-j{k}_{0}z}+V^{-}{e}^{j{k}_{0}z}\\ I(z)& =\frac{1}{Z_0}(V^{+}{e}^{-j{k}_{0}z}-V^{-}{e}^{j{k}_{0}z})=\frac{V^{+}}{Z_0}(e^{-jk{z}_0}-{\Gamma }_V{e}^{jk{z}_0})\end{array}$$
(because $Z_0=V^{+}/I^{+}=-V^{-}/I^{-}$)

We assume $V_l=V(0)$, the current and voltage at the load are
$$\begin{array}{rl}V(0)& =V_l=V^{+}+V^{-}\\ I(0)& =I_l=\frac{1}{Z_0}(V^{+}-V^{-})\end{array}$$
Since $V_l=Z_l{I}_l$, we have
$$V^{+}+V^{-}=\frac{Z_l}{Z_0}(V^{+}-V^{-})\Rightarrow {\Gamma }_V=\frac{V^{-}}{V^{+}}=\frac{Z_l-Z_0}{Z_l+Z_0}$$
Similarly we can derive current reflection coefficient:
$${\Gamma }_I=\frac{I^{-}}{I^{+}}=-\frac{V^{-}}{V^{+}}=\frac{Z_0-Z_l}{Z_l+Z_0}=-{\Gamma }_V$$
They are equivalent.
From now we will use only voltage reflection coefficient, we indicate with $\Gamma$.

matching: $Z_l=Z_0,\Gamma =0⟹\text{ No reflected wave, perfect matching}$

standing waves: $|\Gamma |=1$

If they don’t have the same amplitude, oscillate between a max and a min

Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR):
$$\mathrm{V}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{W}\mathrm{R}=\frac{V_{max}}{V_{min}}=\frac{1+|\Gamma |}{1-|\Gamma |}$$

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Power transfer in a transmission line

Remember that the characteristic impedance $Z_0$ reduces to a real number for a lossless line, the instantaneous power carried by the incident wave is
$$\begin{array}{rl}{P}_i(t)& =v_i(t)\cdot i_i(t)=\mathcal{R}e\left\{V^{+}{e}^{j\omega t}\right\}\cdot \mathcal{R}e\left\{I^{+}{e}^{j\omega t}\right\}\\ & =\mathcal{R}e\left\{\left|V^{+}\right|e^{j{\varphi }^{+}}{e}^{j\omega t}\right\}\cdot \mathcal{R}e\left\{\frac{\left|V^{+}\right|}{Z_0}{e}^{j{\varphi }^{+}}{e}^{j\omega t}\right\}=\frac{{\left|V^{+}\right|}^2}{Z_0}{\cos }^2\left(\omega t+{\varphi }^{+}\right)\end{array}$$
Taking time average, we have
$$\begin{array}{rlrl}{P}_{i,av}=& \frac{1}{2}\frac{{\left|V^{+}\right|}^2}{Z_0}& & \text{Incident power}\\ P_{r,av}=& \frac{|\Gamma {|}^2}{2}\frac{{\left|V^{+}\right|}^2}{Z_0}& & \text{Reflected power}\\ P_{av}=& P_{i,av}-P_{r,av}=\frac{{\left|V_l\right|}^2}{2}\mathcal{R}e\left\{\frac{1}{Z_l}\right\}& & \text{Power delivered to the load }\end{array}$$

Often used in decibels: ${\Gamma }_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{B}}=10{\log }_{10}|\Gamma {|}^2$.

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Reflection Coefficient: Special cases

$$\Gamma =\frac{Z_l-Z_0}{Z_l+Z_0}$$

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Short circuit line
$$\Gamma =\frac{Z_l-Z_0}{Z_l+Z_0}=-1$$

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Open circuit line
$$\Gamma =\frac{Z_l-Z_0}{Z_l+Z_0}=1$$

$$\begin{array}{rl}v(z,t)& =2\cos (k_{0}z)\cos (\omega t)\\ i(z,t)& =2\sin (k_{0}z)\sin (\omega t)\end{array}$$

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Matched line
$$\Gamma =\frac{Z_l-Z_0}{Z_l+Z_0}=0$$

Summary

Input Impedance

If we are interested in knowing the voltage at the generator:

Impedance transfer: Impedance seen looking toward the load
$$Z_{in}(-l)=\frac{V(-l)}{I(-l)}=Z_0\frac{Z_l+j{Z}_0\tan k_{0}l}{Z_0+j{Z}_l\tan k_{0}l}$$
Proof:

$$\begin{array}{rl}Z(-l)=& \frac{V(-l)}{I(-l)}=\frac{V^{+}\left(e^{j{k}_{0}l}+\frac{Z_l-Z_0}{Z_l+Z_0}{e}^{-j{k}_{0}l}\right)}{\frac{V^{+}}{Z_0}\left(e^{j{k}_{0}l}-\frac{Z_l-Z_0}{Z_l+Z_0}{e}^{-j{k}_{0}l}\right)}=Z_0\frac{\left(Z_l+Z_0\right)e^{j{k}_{0}l}+\left(Z_l-Z_0\right)e^{-j{k}_{0}l}}{\left(Z_l+Z_0\right)e^{j{k}_{0}l}-\left(Z_l-Z_0\right)e^{-j{k}_{0}l}}\\ =& Z_0\frac{Z_l\left(e^{j{k}_{0}l}+e^{-j{k}_{0}l}\right)+Z_0\left(e^{j{k}_{0}l}-e^{-j{k}_{0}l}\right)}{Z_0\left(e^{j{k}_{0}l}+e^{-j{k}_{0}l}\right)+Z_l\left(e^{j{k}_{0}l}-e^{-j{k}_{0}l}\right)}=Z_0\frac{Z_l\cos k_{0}l+j{Z}_0\sin k_{0}l}{Z_0\cos k_{0}l+j{Z}_l\sin k_{0}l}\\ =& Z_0\frac{Z_l+j{Z}_0\tan k_{0}l}{Z_0+j{Z}_l\tan k_{0}l}\end{array}$$

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Input impedance: Special cases

$$Z_{in}(-l)=Z_0\frac{Z_l+j{Z}_0\tan k_{0}l}{Z_0+j{Z}_l\tan k_{0}l}$$

short circuit
$$Z_l=0,Z_{in}=j{Z}_0\tan k_{0}l$$

open circuit
$$Z_l=\infty ,Z_{in}=-j{Z}_0\cot k_{0}l$$

matched load: input impedance is constant and independent on the length
$$Z_l=Z_0=Z_{in}$$

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Different impedances

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Power delivered to the load

For lossless lines, power delivered to the load is
P l = ∣ I i n ∣ 2 2 Re ⁡ { Z i n } = ∣ V i n ∣ 2 2 Re ⁡ { 1 Z i n } P_{l}=\frac{\left|I_{i n}\right|^{2}}{2} \operatorname{Re}\left\{Z_{i n}\right\}=\frac{\left|V_{i n}\right|^{2}}{2} \operatorname{Re}\left\{\frac{1}{Z_{i n}}\right\} Pl​=2∣Iin​∣2​Re{Zin​}=2∣Vin​∣2​Re{Zin​1​}
This method is equivalent to the method in the previous section [Power transfer in a transmission line](# Power transfer in a transmission line).

Example:

The power delivered to the load can be calculated both using
P l = ∣ I i n ∣ 2 2 Re ⁡ { Z i n } = ∣ V i n ∣ 2 2 Re ⁡ { 1 Z i n } P_{l}=\frac{\left|I_{i n}\right|^{2}}{2} \operatorname{Re}\left\{Z_{i n}\right\}=\frac{\left|V_{i n}\right|^{2}}{2} \operatorname{Re}\left\{\frac{1}{Z_{i n}}\right\} Pl​=2∣Iin​∣2​Re{Zin​}=2∣Vin​∣2​Re{Zin​1​}
or
P l = ∣ I l ∣ 2 2 Re ⁡ { Z l } = ∣ V l ∣ 2 2 Re ⁡ { 1 Z l } P_{l}=\frac{\left|I_{l}\right|^{2}}{2} \operatorname{Re}\left\{Z_{l}\right\}=\frac{\left|V_{l}\right|^{2}}{2} \operatorname{Re}\left\{\frac{1}{Z_{l}}\right\} Pl​=2∣Il​∣2​Re{Zl​}=2∣Vl​∣2​Re{Zl​1​}

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We can first compute $Z_{in}$ by
$$\begin{gathered} \begin{array}{r}{k}_{0}l=\frac{2\pi \lambda }{\lambda }\frac{\lambda }{8}=\frac{\pi }{4}\\ \tan \left(k_{0}l\right)=\tan \left(\frac{\pi }{4}\right)=1\end{array} \\ {Z}_{in}(-l)=Z_0\frac{Z_l+j{Z}_0\tan k_{0}l}{Z_0+j{Z}_l\tan k_{0}l}=40-30j\Omega \end{gathered}$$

Therefore,
$$\begin{gathered} V_{in}=V_g\frac{Z_{in}}{Z_g+Z_{in}}=7.33-1.33j\Omega \\ {P}_l=\frac{{\left|V_{in}\right|}^2}{2}\mathrm{Re}\left\{\frac{1}{Z_{in}}\right\}=0.444W \end{gathered}$$

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Or we can first compute $\Gamma$:
$$\Gamma =\frac{Z_l-Z_0}{Z_l+Z_0}=\frac{1}{3}$$
Then according to the definition,
$$V(z)=V^{+}(e^{-j{k}_{0}z}+\frac{1}{3}{e}^{j{k}_{o}z})$$
By imposing the boundary conditions $V(z=-l)=V_{in}$, we obtain $V^{+}$:
$$V^{+}=\frac{V_{in}}{e^{-j{k}_{0}z}+\frac{1}{3}{e}^{j{k}_{o}z}}=5.6555-4.2384jV$$
Thus
$$\begin{gathered} V_l=V(z=0)=7.5407-5.6513jV \\ {P}_l=\frac{{\left|V_l\right|}^2}{2}\mathrm{Re}\left\{\frac{1}{Z_l}\right\}=0.444W \end{gathered}$$

Therefore,
$$\begin{gathered} V_{in}=V_g\frac{Z_{in}}{Z_g+Z_{in}}=7.33-1.33j\Omega \\ {P}_l=\frac{{\left|V_{in}\right|}^2}{2}\mathrm{Re}\left\{\frac{1}{Z_{in}}\right\}=0.444W \end{gathered}$$

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Or we can first compute $\Gamma$:
$$\Gamma =\frac{Z_l-Z_0}{Z_l+Z_0}=\frac{1}{3}$$
Then according to the definition,
$$V(z)=V^{+}(e^{-j{k}_{0}z}+\frac{1}{3}{e}^{j{k}_{o}z})$$
By imposing the boundary conditions $V(z=-l)=V_{in}$, we obtain $V^{+}$:
$$V^{+}=\frac{V_{in}}{e^{-j{k}_{0}z}+\frac{1}{3}{e}^{j{k}_{o}z}}=5.6555-4.2384jV$$
Thus
$$\begin{gathered} V_l=V(z=0)=7.5407-5.6513jV \\ {P}_l=\frac{{\left|V_l\right|}^2}{2}\mathrm{Re}\left\{\frac{1}{Z_l}\right\}=0.444W \end{gathered}$$