Wallis公式
lim
n
→
+
∞
(
2
2
n
(
n
!
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2
(
2
n
)
!
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2
1
2
n
+
1
=
π
2
\lim\limits_{n\rightarrow+ \infty }\left ( \frac{2^{2n}\left ( n! \right )^{2}}{\left ( 2n \right)!} \right )^{2} \frac{1}{2n+1}=\frac{\pi }{2}
n→+∞lim((2n)!22n(n!)2)22n+11=2π
或者是
lim
n
→
+
∞
(
(
2
n
)
!
!
(
2
n
−
1
)
!
!
)
2
1
2
n
+
1
=
π
2
\lim\limits_{n\rightarrow+ \infty }\left (\frac{\left ( 2n \right )!!}{\left ( 2n -1\right )!!}\right )^{2} \frac{1}{2n+1}=\frac{\pi }{2}
n→+∞lim((2n−1)!!(2n)!!)22n+11=2π
(
!
!
!!
!!是双阶乘，不超过这个整数且具有相同奇偶的正整数相乘，比如
5
!
!
=
1
∗
3
∗
5
,
6
!
!
=
2
∗
4
∗
6
5!!=1*3*5,6!!=2*4*6
5!!=1∗3∗5,6!!=2∗4∗6)
证明：
I
(
n
)
=
∫
0
π
2
sin
n
x
d
x
I\left ( n \right )=\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi }{2}}\sin ^{n}xdx
I(n)=∫02πsinnxdx
I
(
n
)
=
∫
0
π
2
sin
n
x
d
x
=
−
sin
n
−
1
x
cos
x
∣
0
π
2
+
(
n
−
1
)
∫
0
π
2
sin
n
−
2
x
cos
2
x
d
x
=
(
n
−
1
)
∫
0
π
2
sin
n
−
2
x
(
1
−
sin
2
x
)
d
x
=
(
n
−
1
)
∫
0
π
2
sin
n
−
2
d
x
−
(
n
−
1
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∫
0
π
2
sin
n
x
d
x
=
(
n
−
1
)
I
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n
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2
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−
(
n
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1
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I
(
n
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\begin{aligned} I\left ( n \right )&=\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi }{2}}\sin ^{n}xdx\\ &=-\sin ^{n-1}x\cos x|_{0}^{\frac{\pi }{2} }+\left ( n-1 \right )\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi }{2}}\sin ^{n-2}x\cos ^{2}x dx\\ &=\left ( n-1 \right )\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi }{2}}\sin ^{n-2}x\left ( 1-\sin ^{2}x \right ) dx\\ &=\left ( n-1 \right )\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi }{2}}\sin ^{n-2}dx-\left ( n-1 \right )\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi }{2}}\sin ^{n}xdx\\ &=\left ( n-1 \right )I\left ( n-2 \right )-\left ( n-1 \right )I\left ( n \right ) \end{aligned}
I(n)=∫02πsinnxdx=−sinn−1xcosx∣02π+(n−1)∫02πsinn−2xcos2xdx=(n−1)∫02πsinn−2x(1−sin2x)dx=(n−1)∫02πsinn−2dx−(n−1)∫02πsinnxdx=(n−1)I(n−2)−(n−1)I(n)
∴
I
(
n
)
=
(
n
−
1
)
n
I
(
n
−
2
)
∴
I
(
n
)
I
(
n
−
2
)
=
n
−
1
n
∴
I
(
n
−
2
)
I
(
n
)
=
n
n
−
1
∴
I
(
2
n
−
1
)
I
(
2
n
+
1
)
=
2
n
+
1
2
n
I
(
0
)
=
π
2
I
(
1
)
=
1
I
(
2
n
)
=
2
n
−
1
2
n
I
(
2
n
−
2
)
=
2
n
−
1
2
n
2
n
−
3
2
n
−
2
I
(
2
n
−
4
)
=
(
2
n
−
1
)
!
!
(
2
n
)
!
!
π
2
\therefore I\left(n \right )=\frac{\left(n-1 \right )}{n}I\left(n-2 \right )\\\therefore\frac{I\left ( n \right )}{I\left ( n-2\right )}=\frac{n-1}{n}\\\therefore\frac{I\left(n-2 \right )}{I\left(n\right )}=\frac{n}{n-1}\\\therefore\frac{I\left(2n-1 \right )}{I\left(2n+1 \right )}=\frac{2n+1}{2n}\\I\left(0 \right )=\frac{\pi}{2}\\I\left(1 \right )=1\\I\left(2n \right )=\frac{2n-1}{2n}I\left(2n-2 \right )=\frac{2n-1}{2n}\frac{2n-3}{2n-2}I\left(2n-4 \right )=\frac{\left(2n-1 \right )!!}{\left(2n \right )!!}\frac{\pi}{2}
∴I(n)=n(n−1)I(n−2)∴I(n−2)I(n)=nn−1∴I(n)I(n−2)=n−1n∴I(2n+1)I(2n−1)=2n2n+1I(0)=2πI(1)=1I(2n)=2n2n−1I(2n−2)=2n2n−12n−22n−3I(2n−4)=(2n)!!(2n−1)!!2π
∵
x
∈
[
0
,
π
2
]
,
0
≤
s
i
n
x
≤
1
\because x\in\left [ 0,\frac{\pi}{2} \right ],0\leq sinx\leq1
∵x∈[0,2π],0≤sinx≤1
∴
sin
2
n
+
1
x
≤
sin
2
n
x
≤
sin
2
n
−
1
x
(
2
n
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(
2
n
+
1
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≤
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π
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≤
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I
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2
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1
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≤
I
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≤
I
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≤
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2
≤
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n
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1
≤
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)
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2
n
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1
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π
2
≤
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2
n
+
1
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!
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n
)
!
!
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2
n
−
2
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!
!
(
2
n
−
1
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!
1
≤
π
2
(
(
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n
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)
2
(
2
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+
1
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!
!
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2
n
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1
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!
≤
2
n
+
1
2
n
\begin{aligned} \therefore\sin^{2n+1}x\leq& \sin^{2n}x &\leq&\sin^{2n-1}x\\ \frac{\left (2n \right )!!}{\left (2n +1\right )!!}\leq &\frac{\left(2n-1 \right )!!}{\left(2n \right )!!} \frac{\pi}{2}&\leq &\frac{\left(2n-2 \right )!!}{\left(2n-1 \right )!!}\\ I\left(2n+1 \right )\leq &I\left(2n \right )&\leq& I\left(2n-1 \right )\\ \frac{\left (2n \right )!!}{\left (2n +1\right )!!}\leq &\frac{\left(2n-1 \right )!!}{\left(2n \right )!!} \frac{\pi}{2}&\leq &\frac{\left(2n-2 \right )!!}{\left(2n-1 \right )!!}\\ 1\leq& \frac{\left(2n+1 \right )!!}{\left(2n \right )!!}\frac{\left(2n-1 \right )!!}{\left(2n \right )!!}\frac{\pi}{2}&\leq &\frac{\left(2n+1 \right )!!}{\left(2n \right )!!}\frac{\left(2n-2 \right )!!}{\left(2n-1 \right )!!}\\ 1\leq &\frac{\frac{\pi}{2}}{\frac{\left(\left(2n \right )!! \right )^{2}}{\left(2n+1 \right )!!\left(2n-1 \right )!!}}&\leq& \frac{2n+1}{2n} \end{aligned}
∴sin2n+1x≤(2n+1)!!(2n)!!≤I(2n+1)≤(2n+1)!!(2n)!!≤1≤1≤sin2nx(2n)!!(2n−1)!!2πI(2n)(2n)!!(2n−1)!!2π(2n)!!(2n+1)!!(2n)!!(2n−1)!!2π(2n+1)!!(2n−1)!!((2n)!!)22π≤≤≤≤≤≤sin2n−1x(2n−1)!!(2n−2)!!I(2n−1)(2n−1)!!(2n−2)!!(2n)!!(2n+1)!!(2n−1)!!(2n−2)!!2n2n+1
lim
n
→
+
∞
2
n
+
1
2
n
=
1
\lim\limits_{n\rightarrow +\infty }\frac{2n+1}{2n}=1
n→+∞lim2n2n+1=1
由夹逼准则
lim
n
→
+
∞
π
2
(
(
2
n
)
!
!
)
2
(
2
n
+
1
)
!
!
(
2
n
−
1
)
!
!
=
1
\lim\limits_{n\rightarrow+\infty}\frac{\frac{\pi}{2}}{\frac{\left(\left(2n \right )!! \right )^{2}}{\left(2n+1 \right )!!\left(2n-1 \right )!!}}=1
n→+∞lim(2n+1)!!(2n−1)!!((2n)!!)22π=1
lim n → + ∞ ( ( 2 n ) ! ! ) 2 ( 2 n + 1 ) ! ! ( 2 n − 1 ) ! ! = π 2 ⇔ lim n → + ∞ ( ( 2 n ) ! ! ( 2 n − 1 ) ! ! ) 2 1 2 n + 1 = π 2 \lim\limits_{n\rightarrow+\infty}\frac{\left(\left(2n \right )!! \right )^{2}}{\left(2n+1 \right )!!\left(2n-1 \right )!!}=\frac{\pi}{2}\Leftrightarrow \lim\limits_{n\rightarrow+ \infty }\left (\frac{\left ( 2n \right )!!}{\left ( 2n -1\right )!!}\right )^{2} \frac{1}{2n+1}=\frac{\pi }{2} n→+∞lim(2n+1)!!(2n−1)!!((2n)!!)2=2π⇔n→+∞lim((2n−1)!!(2n)!!)22n+11=2π
lim n → + ∞ ( 2 n n ! ) 2 ( 2 n − 1 ) ! ! ( 2 n + 1 ) ! ! = π 2 \lim\limits_{n\rightarrow+\infty}\frac{\left(2^{n}n! \right )^{2}}{\left(2n-1 \right )!!\left(2n+1 \right )!!}=\frac{\pi}{2} n→+∞lim(2n−1)!!(2n+1)!!(2nn!)2=2π
lim n → + ∞ ( 2 n n ! ) 2 ( ( 2 n ) ! ! ) 2 ( ( 2 n ) ! ) 2 ( 2 n + 1 ) = π 2 \lim\limits_{n\rightarrow+\infty}\frac{\left(2^{n}n! \right )^{2}\left(\left(2n \right )! !\right )^{2}}{\left(\left(2n \right )! \right )^{2}\left(2n+1 \right )}=\frac{\pi}{2} n→+∞lim((2n)!)2(2n+1)(2nn!)2((2n)!!)2=2π
lim n → + ∞ ( ( 2 n n ! ) 2 ( 2 n ) ! ) 2 1 2 n + 1 = π 2 \lim\limits_{n\rightarrow+\infty}\left(\frac{\left(2^{n}n! \right )^{2}}{\left(2n \right )!} \right )^{2}\frac{1}{2n+1}=\frac{\pi}{2} n→+∞lim((2n)!(2nn!)2)22n+11=2π
lim n → + ∞ ( 2 2 n ( n ! ) 2 ( 2 n ) ! ) 2 1 2 n + 1 = π 2 \lim\limits_{n\rightarrow+ \infty }\left ( \frac{2^{2n}\left ( n! \right )^{2}}{\left ( 2n \right)!} \right )^{2} \frac{1}{2n+1}=\frac{\pi }{2} n→+∞lim((2n)!22n(n!)2)22n+11=2π
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