华里士（Wallis）公式推导

最新推荐文章于 2022-08-31 12:22:46 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2022-08-31 12:22:46 发布

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本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_38677310/article/details/89920432

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这里给出手写版公式推导过程，后面有空再整理成电子版。

$\begin{align*} I_{n} &=\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\sin ^{n}xdx\\ &= \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\sin ^{n-1}x \sin xdx \\ &= - \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\sin ^{n-1}x d\cos x\\ &= (-\sin ^{n-1}x \cos x) |_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} + \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\cos x d\sin^{n-1} x\\ &= 0 + \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}(n-1)\sin ^{n-2}x \cos^{2} xdx \\ &= 0 + \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}(n-1)\sin ^{n-2}x (1-\sin^{2} x)dx \\ &= (n-1)\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\sin ^{n-2}x dx - (n-1)\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\sin ^{n}x dx\\ &= (n-1)I_{n-2} - (n-1)I_{n}\\ \\ \Rightarrow & I_{n} = (n-1)I_{n-2} - (n-1)I_{n} \\ \Rightarrow & I_{n} = (\frac{n-1}{n})I_{n-2} \\ \because & I_{0} = \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\sin ^{0}xdx = \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}1dx = \frac{\pi}{2}\\ & I_{1} = \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\sin ^{1}xdx = 1\\ \therefore I_{n} &=\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\sin ^{n}xdx= \left\{\begin{matrix} \frac{n-1}{n} \frac{n-3}{n-2} ...\frac{1}{2} I_{0}\\ \frac{n-1}{n} \frac{n-3}{n-2} ...\frac{2}{3} I_{1} \end{matrix}\right. \end{align*}$

$\begin{align*} I_{n} &=\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\cos ^{n}xdx\\ &= \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\cos ^{n-1}x \cos xdx \\ &= \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\cos ^{n-1}x d\sin x\\ &= (\cos ^{n-1}x \sin x) |_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} - \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\sin x d\cos^{n-1} x\\ &= 0 + \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}(n-1)\cos ^{n-2}x \sin^{2} xdx \\ &= 0 + \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}(n-1)\cos ^{n-2}x (1-\cos^{2} x)dx \\ &= (n-1)\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\cos ^{n-2}x dx - (n-1)\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\cos ^{n}x dx\\ &= (n-1)I_{n-2} - (n-1)I_{n}\\ \\ \Rightarrow & I_{n} = (n-1)I_{n-2} - (n-1)I_{n} \\ \Rightarrow & I_{n} = (\frac{n-1}{n})I_{n-2} \\ \because & I_{0} = \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\cos ^{0}xdx = \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}1dx = \frac{\pi}{2}\\ & I_{1} = \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\cos ^{1}xdx = 1\\ \therefore I_{n} &=\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\cos ^{n}xdx = \begin{cases} \frac{n-1}{n} \frac{n-3}{n-2} ...\frac{1}{2} I_{0} \\ \frac{n-1}{n} \frac{n-3}{n-2} ...\frac{2}{3} I_{1} \end{cases} \\ \end{align*}$

欧拉-泊松公式：

$\int_{-\infty }^{-\infty } e^{-x^{2}}dx=\sqrt{\pi} \ \ \ \ \ \ \int_{0 }^{-\infty } e^{-x^{2}}dx= \frac{ \sqrt{\pi}}{2}\\ \begin{align*} \because f(x) &= \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi }\delta }e^{-\frac{(x-\mu )^{2}}{2\delta ^{2}}}dx, X\sim N(0,1)\\ &=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi } }e^{-\frac{x ^{2}}{2}}dx \end{align*}\\ \int_{-\infty }^{+\infty } f(x)dx= \int_{-\infty }^{+\infty }\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi } }e^{-\frac{x ^{2}}{2}}dx=1\\ \\ \begin{align*} \Rightarrow \int_{-\infty }^{+\infty }\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi } }e^{-\frac{x ^{2}}{2}}dx &= \int_{-\infty }^{+\infty }\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi } }e^{-(\frac{x }{\sqrt{2}})^{2}}d\frac{x}{\sqrt{2}}\\ &=\int_{-\infty }^{+\infty }\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi } }e^{-t^{2}}dt\\ &=1 \end{align*}\\ \Rightarrow \int_{-\infty }^{-\infty } e^{-x^{2}}dx=\sqrt{\pi}\\ \Rightarrow \int_{0 }^{-\infty } e^{-x^{2}}dx= \frac{ \sqrt{\pi}}{2}$

$\sum_{k=0}^{+\infty }\frac{x^k}{k!}=e^{x}\\ \\ \because X\sim P(\lambda)\Rightarrow P(X=k)=\frac{\lambda ^{k}}{k!}e^{-\lambda }\\ \therefore \sum_{0}^{+\infty } P(X=k) = \sum_{0}^{+\infty } \frac{\lambda ^{k}}{k!}e^{-\lambda } = e^{-\lambda } \sum_{0}^{+\infty } \frac{\lambda ^{k}}{k!} = 1\\ \Rightarrow \sum_{0}^{+\infty } \frac{\lambda ^{k}}{k!} = e^{\lambda }\\ \Rightarrow \sum_{k=0}^{+\infty }\frac{x^k}{k!}=e^{x}\\$