子群
定义:设
<
G
,
⋅
>
\left<G,\cdot\right>
⟨G,⋅⟩是群,
H
H
H是
G
G
G的非空子集。若
<
H
,
⋅
>
\left<H,\cdot\right>
⟨H,⋅⟩也是群,则称
<
H
,
⋅
>
\left<H,\cdot\right>
⟨H,⋅⟩为
<
G
,
⋅
>
\left<G,\cdot\right>
⟨G,⋅⟩的子群,
记作
H
≤
G
H\le G
H≤G
若
H
H
H是
G
G
G的真子集,则称
<
H
,
⋅
>
\left<H,\cdot\right>
⟨H,⋅⟩为
<
G
,
⋅
>
\left<G,\cdot\right>
⟨G,⋅⟩的真子群,记作
H
<
G
H<G
H<G
任意群 < G , ⋅ > , < G , ⋅ > \left<G,\cdot\right>,\left<G,\cdot\right> ⟨G,⋅⟩,⟨G,⋅⟩和 < { e } , ⋅ > \left<\left\{e\right\},\cdot\right> ⟨{e},⋅⟩都是 < G , ⋅ > \left<G,\cdot\right> ⟨G,⋅⟩的子群,称为平凡子群
定理1:设
<
G
,
⋅
>
\left<G,\cdot\right>
⟨G,⋅⟩是群,
H
≤
G
H\le G
H≤G,则
(1)
H
H
H的单位元就是
G
G
G的单位元;
(2)
∀
a
∈
H
\forall a \in H
∀a∈H,
a
a
a在
H
H
H中的逆元就是
a
a
a在
G
G
G中的逆元
证明:(1)设
e
H
e_H
eH和
e
G
e_G
eG分别为
H
H
H和
G
G
G的单位元,则
e
H
⋅
e
H
=
e
H
=
e
G
⋅
e
H
e_H\cdot e_H = e_H = e_G\cdot e_H
eH⋅eH=eH=eG⋅eH
由消去律,
e
H
=
e
G
e_H=e_G
eH=eG
(2)
∀
a
∈
H
\forall a \in H
∀a∈H,设
a
a
a在
H
H
H和
G
G
G中的逆元分别为
a
H
−
1
a_H^{-1}
aH−1和
a
G
−
1
a_G^{-1}
aG−1,
则
a
⋅
a
H
−
1
=
e
H
=
e
G
=
a
⋅
a
G
−
1
a\cdot a_H^{-1} = e_H=e_G = a\cdot a_G^{-1}
a⋅aH−1=eH=eG=a⋅aG−1,由消去律,
a
H
−
1
=
a
G
−
1
a_H^{-1}=a_G^{-1}
aH−1=aG−1
定理2:设
H
H
H是群
<
G
,
⋅
>
\left<G,\cdot\right>
⟨G,⋅⟩的非空子集,则
H
≤
G
H\le G
H≤G当且仅当
(1)
∀
a
,
b
∈
H
\forall a,b\in H
∀a,b∈H,
a
⋅
b
∈
H
a\cdot b\in H
a⋅b∈H
(2)
∀
a
∈
H
\forall a \in H
∀a∈H,
a
−
1
∈
H
a^{-1} \in H
a−1∈H
证明:
必要性:因为
<
H
,
⋅
>
\left<H,\cdot\right>
⟨H,⋅⟩是群,所以封闭性(1)成立,由定理1,(2)成立
充分性:只需证明由单位元
因为
H
≠
∅
H\neq \empty
H=∅,所以有
a
∈
H
a\in H
a∈H
由(2),
a
−
1
∈
H
a^{-1}\in H
a−1∈H,由(1)
e
=
a
⋅
a
−
1
∈
H
e=a\cdot a^{-1}\in H
e=a⋅a−1∈H,
e
e
e就是
H
H
H的单位元
故
<
H
,
⋅
>
\left<H,\cdot\right>
⟨H,⋅⟩是群,
H
≤
G
H\le G
H≤G
定理3:设
<
G
,
⋅
>
\left<G,\cdot\right>
⟨G,⋅⟩是群,
H
H
H是
G
G
G的非空子集,则
H
≤
G
H\le G
H≤G当且仅当
∀
a
,
b
∈
H
,
a
⋅
b
−
1
∈
H
\forall a,b\in H,a\cdot b^{-1}\in H
∀a,b∈H,a⋅b−1∈H
证明:
必要性:因为
<
H
,
⋅
>
\left<H,\cdot\right>
⟨H,⋅⟩是群,所以
∀
a
,
b
∈
H
,
b
−
1
∈
H
\forall a,b\in H, b^{-1}\in H
∀a,b∈H,b−1∈H,由封闭性,
a
⋅
b
−
1
∈
H
a\cdot b^{-1}\in H
a⋅b−1∈H
充分性:
因为
H
≠
∅
H\neq \empty
H=∅,所以
a
∈
H
a\in H
a∈H,从而
e
=
a
⋅
a
−
1
∈
H
e = a\cdot a^{-1}\in H
e=a⋅a−1∈H
∀
a
∈
H
,
a
−
1
=
e
⋅
a
−
1
∈
H
\forall a\in H,a^{-1} = e\cdot a^{-1}\in H
∀a∈H,a−1=e⋅a−1∈H
∀
a
,
b
∈
H
\forall a,b\in H
∀a,b∈H,
b
−
1
∈
H
b^{-1}\in H
b−1∈H,所以
a
⋅
b
=
a
⋅
(
b
−
1
)
−
1
∈
H
a\cdot b = a\cdot \left(b^{-1}\right)^{-1}\in H
a⋅b=a⋅(b−1)−1∈H
由定理2,
H
≤
G
H\le G
H≤G
定理4:设 < G , ⋅ > \left<G,\cdot\right> ⟨G,⋅⟩是群, H H H是 G G G的非空有限子集,若 H H H关于 ⋅ \cdot ⋅封闭,则 H ≤ G H\le G H≤G
证明:设
∣
H
∣
=
n
\left|H\right| = n
∣H∣=n
∀
a
∈
H
\forall a\in H
∀a∈H,在
a
,
a
2
,
⋯
,
a
n
+
1
a, a^2,\cdots, a^{n+1}
a,a2,⋯,an+1中必有两个相同,设为
a
i
=
a
j
a^{i} = a^{j}
ai=aj
其中
1
≤
i
<
j
≤
n
+
1
1\le i < j \le n +1
1≤i<j≤n+1,则
a
j
−
i
=
e
a^{j-i} =e
aj−i=e
因为
2
(
j
−
i
)
−
1
≥
1
2\left(j-i\right) - 1 \ge 1
2(j−i)−1≥1,由
H
H
H关于
⋅
\cdot
⋅封闭,
a
2
(
j
−
i
)
−
1
∈
H
a^{2\left(j-i\right)-1}\in H
a2(j−i)−1∈H,又
a
2
(
j
−
i
)
−
1
⋅
a
=
a
⋅
a
2
(
j
−
i
)
−
1
=
a
2
(
j
−
i
)
=
e
a^{2\left(j-i\right)-1}\cdot a = a \cdot a^{2\left(j-i\right)-1}=a^{2\left(j-i\right)}=e
a2(j−i)−1⋅a=a⋅a2(j−i)−1=a2(j−i)=e
所以
a
−
1
=
a
2
(
j
−
i
)
−
1
∈
H
a^{-1} = a^{2\left(j-i\right)-1}\in H
a−1=a2(j−i)−1∈H,由定理2,
H
≤
G
H\le G
H≤G
群同态
定义:设
<
G
1
,
∗
>
\left<G_1,*\right>
⟨G1,∗⟩和
<
G
2
,
⋅
>
\left<G_2,\cdot\right>
⟨G2,⋅⟩是群,函数
h
:
G
1
→
G
2
h:G_1\to G_2
h:G1→G2
若
∀
a
,
b
,
∈
G
1
\forall a,b,\in G_1
∀a,b,∈G1有
h
(
a
∗
b
)
=
h
(
a
)
⋅
h
(
b
)
h\left(a*b\right) = h\left(a\right) \cdot h\left(b\right)
h(a∗b)=h(a)⋅h(b),则称
h
h
h为从
<
G
1
,
∗
>
\left<G_1,*\right>
⟨G1,∗⟩到
<
G
2
,
⋅
>
\left<G_2,\cdot \right>
⟨G2,⋅⟩的群同态,若
h
h
h是双射,则称
h
h
h为群同构
定理:设
h
h
h为从
<
G
1
,
∗
>
\left<G_1,*\right>
⟨G1,∗⟩到
<
G
2
,
⋅
>
\left<G_2,\cdot\right>
⟨G2,⋅⟩的群同态,
e
1
e_1
e1和
e
2
e_2
e2分别为
G
1
G_1
G1和
G
2
G_2
G2的单位元,则
(1)
h
(
e
1
)
=
e
2
h\left(e_1\right) = e_2
h(e1)=e2
(2)
∀
a
∈
G
1
,
h
(
a
−
1
)
=
h
(
a
)
−
1
\forall a \in G_1, h\left(a^{-1}\right) = h\left(a\right)^{-1}
∀a∈G1,h(a−1)=h(a)−1
(3)若
H
≤
G
1
H\le G_1
H≤G1,则
h
(
H
)
≤
G
2
h\left(H\right) \le G_2
h(H)≤G2
(4)若
h
h
h为单一同态,则
∀
a
∈
G
1
,
∣
h
(
a
)
∣
=
∣
a
∣
\forall a \in G_1,\left|h\left(a\right)\right| = \left|a\right|
∀a∈G1,∣h(a)∣=∣a∣
证明:
(1)因为
h
(
e
1
)
=
h
(
e
1
∗
e
1
)
=
h
(
e
1
)
⋅
h
(
e
1
)
h\left(e_1\right) = h\left(e_1*e_1\right) = h\left(e_1\right) \cdot h\left(e_1\right)
h(e1)=h(e1∗e1)=h(e1)⋅h(e1),由消去律
h
(
e
1
)
=
e
2
h\left(e_1\right) = e_2
h(e1)=e2
(2)
∀
a
∈
G
1
,
h
(
a
)
⋅
h
(
a
−
1
)
=
h
(
a
∗
a
−
1
)
=
h
(
e
1
)
=
e
2
\forall a \in G_1, h\left(a\right)\cdot h\left(a^{-1}\right)=h\left(a*a^{-1}\right) = h\left(e_1\right)=e_2
∀a∈G1,h(a)⋅h(a−1)=h(a∗a−1)=h(e1)=e2
同理
h
(
a
−
1
)
⋅
h
(
a
)
=
e
2
h\left(a^{-1}\right) \cdot h\left(a\right) = e_2
h(a−1)⋅h(a)=e2,故
h
(
a
−
1
)
=
h
(
a
)
−
1
h\left(a^{-1}\right) = h\left(a\right)^{-1}
h(a−1)=h(a)−1
(3)
∀
h
(
a
)
,
h
(
b
)
∈
h
(
H
)
\forall h\left(a\right),h\left(b\right)\in h\left(H\right)
∀h(a),h(b)∈h(H),
a
,
b
∈
H
a,b\in H
a,b∈H,因为
H
≤
G
1
H\le G_1
H≤G1,
所以
a
∗
b
−
1
∈
H
a*b^{-1}\in H
a∗b−1∈H
h
(
a
)
⋅
h
(
b
)
−
1
=
h
(
a
)
⋅
h
(
b
−
1
)
=
h
(
a
∗
b
−
1
)
∈
h
(
H
)
h\left(a\right) \cdot h\left(b\right)^{-1} = h\left(a\right)\cdot h\left(b^{-1}\right) = h\left(a*b^{-1}\right)\in h\left(H\right)
h(a)⋅h(b)−1=h(a)⋅h(b−1)=h(a∗b−1)∈h(H)
故
h
(
H
)
≤
G
2
h\left(H\right)\le G_2
h(H)≤G2
(4)
若
∣
a
∣
\left|a\right|
∣a∣无线,则
∀
n
∈
I
+
\forall n \in \mathbb{I}_+
∀n∈I+,
a
n
≠
e
1
a^n\neq e_1
an=e1
因为
h
h
h单射,所以
h
(
a
n
)
≠
h
(
e
1
)
h\left(a^n\right)\neq h\left(e_1\right)
h(an)=h(e1)
即
(
h
(
a
)
)
n
≠
e
2
\left(h\left(a\right)\right)^n\neq e_2
(h(a))n=e2,故
∣
h
(
a
)
∣
\left|h\left(a\right)\right|
∣h(a)∣也无限
若
∣
a
∣
=
n
∈
I
+
\left|a\right| = n \in \mathbb{I}_+
∣a∣=n∈I+,则
a
n
=
e
1
a^n=e_1
an=e1
于是
(
h
(
a
)
)
n
=
h
(
a
n
)
=
h
(
e
1
)
=
e
2
\left(h\left(a\right)\right)^n=h\left(a^n\right)=h\left(e_1\right)=e_2
(h(a))n=h(an)=h(e1)=e2,所以
∣
h
(
a
)
∣
\left|h\left(a\right)\right|
∣h(a)∣也有限
设
∣
h
(
a
)
∣
=
m
≤
n
\left|h\left(a\right)\right|=m\le n
∣h(a)∣=m≤n,又
h
(
a
m
)
=
(
h
(
a
)
)
m
=
e
2
=
h
(
e
1
)
h\left(a^m\right) = \left(h\left(a\right)\right)^m=e_2=h\left(e_1\right)
h(am)=(h(a))m=e2=h(e1)
而
h
h
h是单射,所以
a
m
=
e
1
a^m=e_1
am=e1,从而
n
≤
m
n\le m
n≤m,故
n
=
m
n=m
n=m
课后习题
1.设 H H H和 K K K都是群 G G G的子群。试证: H ∩ K H\cap K H∩K也是 G G G的子群。 H ∪ K H\cup K H∪K也一定是 G G G的子群吗?
证明:
设
G
=
<
A
,
∗
>
,
H
=
<
A
1
,
∗
>
,
K
=
<
A
2
,
∗
>
,
H
≤
G
,
K
≤
G
G=\left<A, *\right>, H=\left<A_1,*\right>, K=\left<A_2,*\right>, H\le G, K\le G
G=⟨A,∗⟩,H=⟨A1,∗⟩,K=⟨A2,∗⟩,H≤G,K≤G
∀
a
1
,
a
2
∈
H
∩
K
\forall a_1,a_2 \in H\cap K
∀a1,a2∈H∩K,
a
1
,
a
2
∈
H
a_1,a_2\in H
a1,a2∈H
a
1
,
a
2
∈
K
a_1,a_2\in K
a1,a2∈K
则
a
1
∗
a
2
∈
H
a
1
∗
a
2
∈
K
⇒
a
1
∗
a
2
∈
H
∩
K
a_1 * a_2 \in H\\ a_1 * a_2 \in K\\ \Rightarrow a_1 * a_2\in H\cap K
a1∗a2∈Ha1∗a2∈K⇒a1∗a2∈H∩K
因此
∗
*
∗对
A
1
∩
A
2
A_1\cap A_2
A1∩A2封闭
H
H
H的单位元与
G
G
G的单位元一样
K
K
K的单位元与
G
G
G的单位元一样
因此
H
∩
K
H\cap K
H∩K的单位元与
G
G
G的单位元一样
∀
a
∈
H
\forall a \in H
∀a∈H
a
∈
H
a\in H
a∈H
a
∈
K
a\in K
a∈K
a
a
a在
H
H
H中的逆元就是
a
a
a在
G
G
G中的逆元
a
a
a在
K
K
K中的逆元就是
a
a
a在
G
G
G中的逆元
因此
a
a
a在
H
∩
K
H\cap K
H∩K中的逆元就是
a
a
a在
G
G
G中的逆元
因此 H ∩ K ≤ G H\cap K \le G H∩K≤G
H
∪
K
H\cup K
H∪K不一定
G
=
<
I
,
+
>
G=\left<\mathbb{I},+\right>
G=⟨I,+⟩
H
=
<
{
2
k
∣
k
∈
I
}
,
+
>
,
K
=
<
{
3
k
∣
k
∈
I
}
,
+
>
H=\left<\left\{2k| k \in \mathbb{I}\right\}, +\right>,K=\left<\left\{3k| k \in \mathbb{I}\right\}, +\right>
H=⟨{2k∣k∈I},+⟩,K=⟨{3k∣k∈I},+⟩
+
+
+为普通加法运算
则
H
≤
G
,
K
≤
G
,
2
,
3
∈
H
∪
K
H\le G,K\le G,2,3\in H\cup K
H≤G,K≤G,2,3∈H∪K,但是
2
+
3
=
5
∉
H
∪
K
2+3=5\not\in H\cup K
2+3=5∈H∪K
2.设
H
H
H和
K
K
K都是群
G
G
G的子群。令
H
K
=
{
a
b
∣
a
∈
H
,
b
∈
K
}
HK=\left\{ab|a\in H,b\in K\right\}
HK={ab∣a∈H,b∈K}
试证:
H
K
≤
G
HK\le G
HK≤G当且仅当
H
K
=
K
H
HK=KH
HK=KH
证明:
充分性:
H
K
=
K
H
HK=KH
HK=KH
设
x
=
h
k
(
h
∈
H
,
k
∈
K
)
x=hk\left(h\in H, k \in K\right)
x=hk(h∈H,k∈K)
因此
x
∈
H
K
x\in HK
x∈HK
因为
h
∈
H
,
k
∈
K
h\in H, k\in K
h∈H,k∈K
所以
h
−
1
∈
H
,
k
−
1
∈
K
h^{-1}\in H, k^{-1}\in K
h−1∈H,k−1∈K
则
x
−
1
=
k
−
1
h
−
1
∈
K
H
⇒
x
−
1
∈
H
K
x^{-1}=k^{-1}h^{-1}\in KH\Rightarrow x^{-1}\in HK
x−1=k−1h−1∈KH⇒x−1∈HK
因此
x
x
x在
H
K
HK
HK中可逆
设
x
=
h
1
k
1
,
y
=
h
2
k
2
(
h
1
,
h
2
∈
H
,
k
1
,
k
2
∈
K
)
x=h_1 k_1,y=h_2k_2\left(h_1,h_2\in H, k_1,k_2\in K\right)
x=h1k1,y=h2k2(h1,h2∈H,k1,k2∈K),
k
1
h
2
=
h
2
′
k
1
′
(
h
2
′
∈
H
,
k
1
′
∈
K
)
k_1h_2=h_2^{\prime}k_1^{\prime}\left(h_2^{\prime}\in H, k_1^{\prime}\in K\right)
k1h2=h2′k1′(h2′∈H,k1′∈K)
x
y
=
h
1
k
1
h
2
k
2
=
(
h
1
h
2
′
)
(
k
1
′
k
2
)
∈
H
K
\begin{aligned} xy &=h_1k_1h_2k_2\\ &=\left(h_1h_2^{\prime}\right)\left(k_1^{\prime}k_2\right)\\ &\in HK \end{aligned}
xy=h1k1h2k2=(h1h2′)(k1′k2)∈HK
H
K
HK
HK封闭可逆,
H
K
≤
G
HK\le G
HK≤G
必要性:
H
=
H
−
1
,
H
K
=
(
H
K
)
−
1
=
K
−
1
H
−
1
=
K
H
H=H^{-1}, HK=(HK)^{-1}=K^{-1}H^{-1}=KH
H=H−1,HK=(HK)−1=K−1H−1=KH
3.设
<
G
,
⋅
>
\left<G,\cdot\right>
⟨G,⋅⟩是群,
a
∈
G
a\in G
a∈G。令
H
=
{
x
∈
G
∣
a
⋅
x
=
x
⋅
a
}
H=\left\{x\in G|a\cdot x=x\cdot a\right\}
H={x∈G∣a⋅x=x⋅a}
试证:
H
≤
G
H\le G
H≤G
证明:
单位元
e
e
e
显然
e
∈
H
e\in H
e∈H
∀
x
,
y
∈
H
\forall x,y\in H
∀x,y∈H
a
⋅
x
⋅
y
=
x
⋅
a
⋅
y
=
x
⋅
y
⋅
a
⇒
x
⋅
y
∈
H
\begin{aligned} a\cdot x \cdot y & =x\cdot a\cdot y=x\cdot y \cdot a\Rightarrow x\cdot y\in H \end{aligned}
a⋅x⋅y=x⋅a⋅y=x⋅y⋅a⇒x⋅y∈H
因此封闭
a
⋅
x
=
x
⋅
a
x
−
1
⋅
a
⋅
x
⋅
x
−
1
=
x
−
1
⋅
x
⋅
a
⋅
x
−
1
x
−
1
⋅
a
=
a
⋅
x
−
1
\begin{aligned} a\cdot x &= x \cdot a\\ x^{-1}\cdot a \cdot x \cdot x^{-1} &= x^{-1}\cdot x \cdot a\cdot x^{-1}\\ x^{-1}\cdot a &= a\cdot x^{-1} \end{aligned}
a⋅xx−1⋅a⋅x⋅x−1x−1⋅a=x⋅a=x−1⋅x⋅a⋅x−1=a⋅x−1
可逆
因此 H ≤ G H\le G H≤G
4.设
<
G
,
⋅
>
\left<G,\cdot\right>
⟨G,⋅⟩是群,
H
≤
G
,
a
∈
G
H\le G,a\in G
H≤G,a∈G。令
a
⋅
H
⋅
a
−
1
=
{
a
⋅
h
⋅
a
−
1
∣
h
∈
H
}
a\cdot H\cdot a^{-1}=\left\{a\cdot h\cdot a^{-1}|h\in H\right\}
a⋅H⋅a−1={a⋅h⋅a−1∣h∈H}
试证:
a
⋅
H
⋅
a
−
1
≤
G
a\cdot H\cdot a^{-1}\le G
a⋅H⋅a−1≤G(
a
⋅
H
⋅
a
−
1
a\cdot H\cdot a^{-1}
a⋅H⋅a−1称为
H
H
H的共轭子群)
证明:
设
x
,
y
∈
a
⋅
H
⋅
a
−
1
x,y\in a\cdot H\cdot a^{-1}
x,y∈a⋅H⋅a−1
则
a
⋅
x
⋅
a
−
1
⋅
a
⋅
y
⋅
a
−
1
=
a
⋅
(
x
⋅
y
)
⋅
a
−
1
∈
H
a\cdot x\cdot a^{-1}\cdot a \cdot y\cdot a^{-1}=a\cdot\left(x\cdot y\right)\cdot a^{-1}\in H
a⋅x⋅a−1⋅a⋅y⋅a−1=a⋅(x⋅y)⋅a−1∈H
因此封闭
a
⋅
x
⋅
a
−
1
∈
H
⇒
(
a
⋅
x
⋅
a
−
1
)
−
1
∈
H
⇒
x
−
1
∈
a
⋅
H
⋅
a
−
1
a\cdot x\cdot a^{-1}\in H\Rightarrow \left(a\cdot x\cdot a^{-1}\right)^{-1}\in H\Rightarrow x^{-1}\in a\cdot H\cdot a^{-1}
a⋅x⋅a−1∈H⇒(a⋅x⋅a−1)−1∈H⇒x−1∈a⋅H⋅a−1
因此
a
⋅
H
⋅
a
−
1
≤
G
a\cdot H\cdot a^{-1}\le G
a⋅H⋅a−1≤G
5.试证: < Q , + > \left<\mathbb{Q},+\right> ⟨Q,+⟩与 < Q ∗ , ⋅ > \left<Q^*,\cdot\right> ⟨Q∗,⋅⟩不同构,其中 Q \mathbb{Q} Q是有理数集, Q ∗ = Q − { 0 } \mathbb{Q}^*=\mathbb{Q}-\left\{0\right\} Q∗=Q−{0}, + + +和 ⋅ \cdot ⋅分别是分数的普通加法和乘法
证明:
若
<
Q
,
+
>
\left<\mathbb{Q},+\right>
⟨Q,+⟩与
<
Q
∗
,
⋅
>
\left<Q^*,\cdot\right>
⟨Q∗,⋅⟩同构
则存在双射
h
:
Q
→
Q
∗
h:\mathbb{Q}\to \mathbb{Q}^*
h:Q→Q∗使得
h
h
h是同构
存在
a
∈
Q
a\in \mathbb{Q}
a∈Q,使得
h
(
a
)
=
−
1
h\left(a\right)=-1
h(a)=−1
h
(
a
2
)
2
=
h
(
a
)
=
−
1
h\left(\frac{a}{2}\right)^2=h\left(a\right)=-1
h(2a)2=h(a)=−1
矛盾
6.设
G
G
G是交换群,
k
∈
I
k\in\mathbb{I}
k∈I,作
f
:
G
→
G
,
a
↦
a
k
f:G\to G,a\mapsto a^k
f:G→G,a↦ak
证明:
f
f
f是
G
G
G的自同态
证明:
设
x
,
y
∈
G
x,y\in G
x,y∈G
f
(
x
⋅
y
)
=
(
x
⋅
y
)
k
=
x
k
y
k
=
f
(
x
)
⋅
f
(
y
)
f\left(x\cdot y\right)=\left(x\cdot y\right)^k=x^k y^k = f\left(x\right)\cdot f\left(y\right)
f(x⋅y)=(x⋅y)k=xkyk=f(x)⋅f(y)
7.设
G
G
G是群。作
f
:
G
→
G
,
a
↦
a
−
1
f:G\to G,a\mapsto a^{-1}
f:G→G,a↦a−1
证明:
f
f
f是
G
G
G的自同构当且仅当
G
G
G是交换群
证明:
必要性:
f
f
f是
G
G
G的自同构
∀
a
,
b
∈
G
\forall a,b\in G
∀a,b∈G
f
(
a
⋅
b
)
=
b
−
1
⋅
a
−
1
=
f
(
a
)
⋅
f
(
b
)
=
a
−
1
⋅
b
−
1
f\left(a\cdot b\right)=b^{-1}\cdot a^{-1}=f\left(a\right)\cdot f\left(b\right)=a^{-1}\cdot b^{-1}
f(a⋅b)=b−1⋅a−1=f(a)⋅f(b)=a−1⋅b−1
因此
b
−
1
⋅
a
−
1
=
a
−
1
⋅
b
−
1
⇒
(
b
−
1
)
−
1
⋅
(
a
−
1
)
−
1
=
(
a
−
1
)
−
1
⋅
(
b
−
1
)
−
1
⇒
a
⋅
b
=
b
⋅
a
b^{-1}\cdot a^{-1}=a^{-1}\cdot b^{-1}\Rightarrow \left(b^{-1}\right)^{-1}\cdot \left(a^{-1}\right)^{-1}=\left(a^{-1}\right)^{-1}\cdot \left(b^{-1}\right)^{-1}\Rightarrow a\cdot b=b \cdot a
b−1⋅a−1=a−1⋅b−1⇒(b−1)−1⋅(a−1)−1=(a−1)−1⋅(b−1)−1⇒a⋅b=b⋅a
充分性:
显然
f
f
f是双射
∀
a
,
b
∈
G
\forall a,b\in G
∀a,b∈G
f
(
a
⋅
b
)
=
b
−
1
⋅
a
−
1
=
f
(
a
)
⋅
f
(
b
)
=
a
−
1
⋅
b
−
1
f\left(a\cdot b\right)=b^{-1}\cdot a^{-1}=f\left(a\right)\cdot f\left(b\right)=a^{-1}\cdot b^{-1}
f(a⋅b)=b−1⋅a−1=f(a)⋅f(b)=a−1⋅b−1
8.设 G G G是群, a ∈ G a\in G a∈G,作 f : G → G , x ↦ a x a − 1 f:G\to G,x \mapsto axa^{-1} f:G→G,x↦axa−1。证明: f f f是 G G G的自同构
证明:显然
f
f
f双射
f
(
x
)
f
(
y
)
=
a
x
a
−
1
a
y
a
−
1
=
a
(
x
y
)
a
−
1
=
f
(
x
y
)
\begin{aligned} f\left(x\right)f\left(y\right)=axa^{-1}aya^{-1}=a\left(xy\right)a^{-1}=f\left(xy\right) \end{aligned}
f(x)f(y)=axa−1aya−1=a(xy)a−1=f(xy)
f
f
f是
G
G
G的自同构
9.证明:群 G G G的所有自同构的集合关于函数的合成运算构成群,称为 G G G的自同构群,记作 A u t ( G ) Aut\left(G\right) Aut(G)
证明:
显然恒等函数
1
G
∈
A
u
t
(
G
)
1_G\in Aut\left(G\right)
1G∈Aut(G)
设
f
,
g
∈
A
u
t
(
G
)
f,g\in Aut\left(G\right)
f,g∈Aut(G)
f
∘
g
(
x
⋅
y
)
=
f
(
g
(
x
⋅
y
)
)
=
f
(
g
(
x
)
⋅
g
(
y
)
)
=
f
(
g
(
x
)
)
⋅
f
(
g
(
y
)
)
=
f
∘
g
(
x
)
⋅
f
∘
g
(
y
)
\begin{aligned} f\circ g\left(x\cdot y\right)&=f\left(g\left(x\cdot y\right)\right)\\ &=f\left(g\left(x\right)\cdot g\left(y\right)\right)\\ &=f\left(g\left(x\right)\right)\cdot f\left(g\left(y\right)\right)\\ &=f\circ g\left(x\right)\cdot f\circ g\left(y\right) \end{aligned}
f∘g(x⋅y)=f(g(x⋅y))=f(g(x)⋅g(y))=f(g(x))⋅f(g(y))=f∘g(x)⋅f∘g(y)
因此
f
∘
g
∈
A
u
t
(
G
)
f\circ g \in Aut\left(G\right)
f∘g∈Aut(G)
显然
f
−
1
∈
A
u
t
(
G
)
f^{-1}\in Aut\left(G\right)
f−1∈Aut(G)
因此
A
u
t
(
G
)
Aut\left(G\right)
Aut(G)是群
参考:
离散数学(刘玉珍)