1.证明空集是任何集合的子集
证明:
假设
∅
⊄
A
\emptyset \not\subset A
∅⊂A,存在
x
∈
∅
,
x
∉
A
x \in \emptyset,x \not\in A
x∈∅,x∈A,矛盾
2.如果存在不全为零的整数
a
0
,
a
1
,
⋯
,
a
n
a_{0}, a_{1}, \cdots, a_{n}
a0,a1,⋯,an,而复数
z
z
z满足
a
0
z
n
+
a
1
z
n
−
1
+
⋯
+
a
n
−
1
z
+
a
n
=
0
a_{0}z^n + a_{1}z^{n-1}+ \cdots + a_{n-1}z + a_{n} = 0
a0zn+a1zn−1+⋯+an−1z+an=0
就说
z
z
z是一个代数数(algebraic)。证明,所有代数数构成可数集
提示:对于每个正整数
N
N
N,满足条件
n
+
∣
a
0
∣
+
∣
a
1
∣
+
⋯
+
∣
a
n
∣
=
N
n+\left| a_{0} \right| + \left| a_{1} \right| +\cdots + \left| a_{n} \right| = N
n+∣a0∣+∣a1∣+⋯+∣an∣=N
的方程,只有有限个
证明:
n
n
n次方程有
n
n
n个复数解
令
A
N
=
{
z
∈
C
:
n
+
∣
a
0
∣
+
∣
a
1
∣
+
⋯
+
∣
a
n
∣
=
N
,
a
0
z
n
+
a
1
z
n
−
1
+
⋯
+
a
n
−
1
z
+
a
n
=
0
}
A_{N}=\left\{ z \in \mathbb{C}: n+\left| a_{0} \right| + \left| a_{1} \right| +\cdots + \left| a_{n} \right| = N,a_{0}z^n + a_{1}z^{n-1}+ \cdots + a_{n-1}z + a_{n} = 0\right\}
AN={z∈C:n+∣a0∣+∣a1∣+⋯+∣an∣=N,a0zn+a1zn−1+⋯+an−1z+an=0}
显然
A
N
A_{N}
AN只有有限个元素
因此
⋃
N
=
1
∞
A
N
\bigcup_{N=1}^{\infty}A_{N}
⋃N=1∞AN可数
3.存在不是代数数的实数
证明:
如果全体实数都是代数数,因为
R
\mathbb{R}
R不可数,代数数构成的集合不可数,矛盾
4.问:所有无理实数组成的集是否可数?
证明:
令无理实数集为
A
A
A
R
=
A
∪
Q
\mathbb{R}=A\cup \mathbb{Q}
R=A∪Q
假设
A
A
A可数,因为
Q
\mathbb{Q}
Q可数,因此
Q
\mathbb{Q}
Q可数,矛盾
5.作一个实数的有界集,使它有三个极限点
解:
A
=
{
1
n
:
n
∈
N
+
}
∪
{
1
+
1
n
:
n
∈
N
+
}
∪
{
2
+
1
n
:
n
∈
N
+
}
A = \left\{ \frac{1}{n}:n\in \mathbb{N}_{+} \right\} \cup \left\{ 1 + \frac{1}{n}:n\in \mathbb{N}_{+} \right\} \cup \left\{ 2 + \frac{1}{n}:n\in \mathbb{N}_{+} \right\}
A={n1:n∈N+}∪{1+n1:n∈N+}∪{2+n1:n∈N+}
∀
x
∈
A
,
∣
x
∣
≤
3
\forall x \in A, \left| x \right| \le 3
∀x∈A,∣x∣≤3
极限点
0
,
1
,
2
0,1,2
0,1,2
6.证明:
E
′
E^{\prime}
E′是闭集。
证明:
E
E
E与
E
ˉ
\bar{E}
Eˉ有相同的极限点。
E
E
E与
E
′
E^{\prime}
E′是否总有相同的极限点呢?
证明:
先证明
(
E
ˉ
)
′
⊂
E
′
\left( \bar{E} \right)^{\prime} \subset E^{\prime}
(Eˉ)′⊂E′
设
x
∈
(
E
ˉ
)
′
x \in \left( \bar{E} \right)^{\prime}
x∈(Eˉ)′,则
∀
r
>
0
,
∃
y
∈
E
ˉ
,
0
<
d
(
x
,
y
)
<
r
\forall r > 0, \exists y \in \bar{E}, 0 < d\left( x, y \right) < r
∀r>0,∃y∈Eˉ,0<d(x,y)<r
如果
y
∈
E
y \in E
y∈E,则
x
∈
E
′
x \in E^{\prime}
x∈E′
如果
y
∉
E
y \not\in E
y∈E,则
y
∈
E
′
y \in E^{\prime}
y∈E′, 因此
∀
s
>
0
,
∃
z
∈
E
,
0
<
d
(
y
,
z
)
<
s
\forall s > 0, \exists z \in E, 0 < d \left( y, z \right) < s
∀s>0,∃z∈E,0<d(y,z)<s
令
s
=
min
(
d
(
x
,
y
)
,
r
−
d
(
x
,
y
)
)
s = \min \left( d \left( x,y \right), r - d\left( x,y \right) \right)
s=min(d(x,y),r−d(x,y))
那么
x
≠
z
x \neq z
x=z(否则
0
<
d
(
y
,
x
)
<
d
(
x
,
y
)
0 < d \left( y,x \right) < d \left( x,y \right)
0<d(y,x)<d(x,y),矛盾)
0
<
d
(
x
,
z
)
≤
d
(
x
,
y
)
+
d
(
y
,
z
)
<
r
0 < d \left( x,z \right) \le d \left( x,y \right) + d\left( y, z \right) <r
0<d(x,z)≤d(x,y)+d(y,z)<r
综上所述
x
∈
E
′
x \in E^{\prime}
x∈E′,进而
(
E
′
)
′
⊂
(
E
ˉ
)
′
⊂
E
′
\left( E^{\prime}\right)^{\prime} \subset \left( \bar{E} \right)^{\prime} \subset E^{\prime}
(E′)′⊂(Eˉ)′⊂E′,因此
E
′
E^{\prime}
E′是闭集
上面证明了 ( E ˉ ) ′ ⊂ E ′ \left( \bar{E} \right)^{\prime} \subset E^{\prime} (Eˉ)′⊂E′,只要证明 E ′ ⊂ ( E ˉ ) ′ E^{\prime} \subset \left( \bar{E} \right)^{\prime} E′⊂(Eˉ)′,因为 E ⊂ E ˉ E \subset \bar{E} E⊂Eˉ,所以显然成立
E = { 1 n : n ∈ N + } E=\left\{ \frac{1}{n}:n \in \mathbb{N}_{+} \right\} E={n1:n∈N+},极限点0,而 { 0 } \left\{ 0 \right\} {0}没有极限点
7.令
A
1
,
A
2
,
⋯
A_{1}, A_{2}, \cdots
A1,A2,⋯是某度量空间的子集
(a)如果
B
n
=
⋃
i
=
1
n
A
i
B_{n}=\bigcup_{i=1}^{n}A_{i}
Bn=⋃i=1nAi,证明
B
ˉ
n
=
⋃
i
=
1
n
A
ˉ
n
,
n
=
1
,
2
,
⋯
\bar{B}_{n}=\bigcup_{i=1}^{n}\bar{A}_{n}, n=1,2,\cdots
Bˉn=⋃i=1nAˉn,n=1,2,⋯
(b)如果
B
=
⋃
i
=
1
∞
A
i
B = \bigcup_{i=1}^{\infty}A_{i}
B=⋃i=1∞Ai,证明
B
ˉ
⊃
⋃
i
=
1
∞
A
ˉ
i
\bar{B}\supset \bigcup_{i=1}^{\infty}\bar{A}_{i}
Bˉ⊃⋃i=1∞Aˉi,并证明可以取到真子集
证明:
先证明
E
′
∪
F
′
=
(
E
∪
F
)
′
E^{\prime} \cup F^{\prime} = \left( E \cup F \right)^{\prime}
E′∪F′=(E∪F)′,进而
E
ˉ
∪
F
ˉ
=
E
∪
F
‾
\bar{E}\cup \bar{F}=\overline{E \cup F}
Eˉ∪Fˉ=E∪F
若
x
∈
E
′
x \in E^{\prime}
x∈E′,则
x
∈
(
E
∪
F
)
′
x \in \left( E \cup F\right)^{\prime}
x∈(E∪F)′
若
y
∈
F
′
y \in F^{\prime}
y∈F′,则
x
∈
(
E
∪
F
)
′
x \in \left( E \cup F \right)^{\prime}
x∈(E∪F)′
因此
E
′
∪
F
′
⊂
(
E
∪
F
)
′
E^{\prime}\cup F^{\prime} \subset \left( E \cup F \right)^{\prime}
E′∪F′⊂(E∪F)′
若
x
∈
(
E
∪
F
)
′
x \in \left( E \cup F \right)^{\prime}
x∈(E∪F)′,假设
x
∉
E
′
∪
F
′
x \not\in E^{\prime}\cup F^{\prime}
x∈E′∪F′
x
∉
E
′
x \not\in E^{\prime}
x∈E′,则
∃
r
>
0
,
N
r
(
x
)
∩
(
E
\
{
x
}
)
=
∅
\exists r >0, N_{r}\left( x \right) \cap \left( E \backslash \left\{ x \right\} \right)= \emptyset
∃r>0,Nr(x)∩(E\{x})=∅
x
∉
F
′
x \not\in F^{\prime}
x∈F′,则
∃
s
>
0
,
N
s
(
x
)
∩
(
F
\
{
x
}
)
=
∅
\exists s > 0, N_{s}\left( x \right) \cap \left( F \backslash \left\{ x \right\} \right)=\emptyset
∃s>0,Ns(x)∩(F\{x})=∅
令
t
=
min
(
r
,
s
)
,
N
t
(
x
)
∩
(
E
∪
F
\
{
x
}
)
=
∅
t=\min\left( r,s \right),N_{t}\left( x \right)\cap \left( E \cup F \backslash \left\{ x \right\} \right)=\emptyset
t=min(r,s),Nt(x)∩(E∪F\{x})=∅,矛盾
(a)显然
(b)
A
i
⊂
B
A_{i} \subset B
Ai⊂B,进而
A
ˉ
i
⊂
B
\bar{A}_{i} \subset B
Aˉi⊂B,因此成立
A
i
=
{
r
i
}
,
r
i
∈
Q
A_{i} = \left\{ r_{i} \right\},r_{i} \in \mathbb{Q}
Ai={ri},ri∈Q
⋃
i
=
1
∞
A
i
‾
=
Q
\overline{\bigcup_{i=1}^{\infty}A_{i}}=\mathbb{Q}
⋃i=1∞Ai=Q,而
B
ˉ
=
R
1
\bar{B}= \mathbb{R}^{1}
Bˉ=R1
或者
A
i
=
(
1
n
,
2
]
,
A
ˉ
i
=
[
1
n
,
2
]
,
⋃
i
=
1
∞
A
i
‾
=
(
0
,
2
]
,
B
ˉ
=
[
0
,
2
]
A_{i}=\left( \frac{1}{n},2 \right],\bar{A}_{i}=\left[ \frac{1}{n},2 \right],\overline{\bigcup_{i=1}^{\infty}A_{i}}=\left( 0,2 \right],\bar{B}=\left[ 0,2 \right]
Ai=(n1,2],Aˉi=[n1,2],⋃i=1∞Ai=(0,2],Bˉ=[0,2]
8.是否每个开集
E
⊂
R
2
E \subset \mathbb{R}^2
E⊂R2的每个点一定是
E
E
E的极限点?对
R
2
\mathbb{R}^2
R2中的闭集如果呢?
证明:
x
∈
E
⇒
∃
r
>
0
,
N
r
(
x
)
⊂
E
x \in E\Rightarrow \exists r >0, N_{r} \left( x \right) \subset E
x∈E⇒∃r>0,Nr(x)⊂E
对于
r
′
≥
r
,
N
r
′
∩
(
E
\
{
x
}
)
=
∅
r^{\prime} \ge r, N_{r^{\prime}}\cap \left( E \backslash \left\{ x \right\} \right)=\emptyset
r′≥r,Nr′∩(E\{x})=∅
对于
r
′
<
r
r^{\prime} < r
r′<r,若
∣
N
r
(
x
)
∣
<
∞
\left| N_{r}\left( x \right) \right|<\infty
∣Nr(x)∣<∞,设
N
r
(
x
)
=
{
x
,
p
1
,
p
2
,
⋯
,
p
n
}
N_{r}\left( x \right)=\left\{ x, p_{1},p_{2},\cdots,p_{n} \right\}
Nr(x)={x,p1,p2,⋯,pn}
令
δ
<
min
1
≤
i
≤
n
d
(
p
i
,
x
)
\delta < \min_{1 \le i \le n} d \left( p_{i},x \right)
δ<min1≤i≤nd(pi,x),则
N
δ
(
x
)
∩
E
=
{
x
}
N_{\delta}\left( x \right) \cap E=\left\{ x \right\}
Nδ(x)∩E={x}
因此
N
δ
(
x
)
⊄
E
N_{\delta}\left( x \right) \not \subset E
Nδ(x)⊂E,与
N
δ
(
x
)
⊂
N
r
(
x
)
⊂
E
N_{\delta}\left( x \right) \subset N_{r}\left( x \right)\subset E
Nδ(x)⊂Nr(x)⊂E矛盾
因此
x
x
x是极限点
E = { ( 1 n , 0 ) : n ∈ N + } ∪ { ( 0 , 0 ) } E=\left\{ \left( \frac{1}{n},0 \right):n \in \mathbb{N}_{+} \right\} \cup \left\{ \left( 0,0 \right) \right\} E={(n1,0):n∈N+}∪{(0,0)},极限点 ( 0 , 0 ) \left( 0,0 \right) (0,0)
9.令
E
∘
E^{\circ}
E∘表集
E
E
E的所有内殿组成的集
(a)证明:
E
∘
E^{\circ}
E∘是开集
(b)证明:
E
E
E是开集当且仅当
E
=
E
∘
E=E^{\circ}
E=E∘
©证明:如果
G
⊂
E
G \subset E
G⊂E且
G
G
G开,证明
G
⊂
E
∘
G \subset E^{\circ}
G⊂E∘
(d)证明:
E
∘
E^{\circ}
E∘的余集是
E
E
E的余集的闭包
(e)
E
E
E的内部与
E
ˉ
\bar{E}
Eˉ的内部是否总一样
(f)
E
E
E的闭包与
E
∘
E^{\circ}
E∘的闭包是否总一样
证明:
(a)
设
x
∈
E
x \in E
x∈E,则
∃
r
>
0
,
N
r
(
x
)
⊂
E
\exists r > 0,N_{r} \left( x \right) \subset E
∃r>0,Nr(x)⊂E
∀
y
∈
N
r
(
x
)
\forall y \in N_{r}\left( x \right)
∀y∈Nr(x),则
∃
s
>
0
,
N
s
(
y
)
⊂
N
r
(
x
)
⊂
E
\exists s > 0,N_{s}\left( y \right) \subset N_{r}\left( x \right)\subset E
∃s>0,Ns(y)⊂Nr(x)⊂E,进而
y
∈
E
∘
y \in E^{\circ}
y∈E∘
因此
N
r
(
x
)
⊂
E
∘
N_{r}\left( x \right) \subset E^{\circ}
Nr(x)⊂E∘
(b)显然
© G = G ∘ ⊂ E ⇒ G ⊂ E ∘ G = G^{\circ} \subset E\Rightarrow G \subset E^{\circ} G=G∘⊂E⇒G⊂E∘
(d)要证明
(
E
∘
)
c
=
E
c
‾
\left( E^{\circ} \right)^c=\overline{E^c}
(E∘)c=Ec
E
∘
⊂
E
⇒
E
c
⊂
(
E
∘
)
c
⇒
E
c
‾
⊂
(
E
∘
)
c
‾
=
(
E
∘
)
c
E^{\circ} \subset E\Rightarrow E^c \subset \left( E^\circ \right)^c\Rightarrow \overline{E^c} \subset \overline{\left( E^\circ \right)^c}=\left( E^\circ \right)^c
E∘⊂E⇒Ec⊂(E∘)c⇒Ec⊂(E∘)c=(E∘)c
p
∈
(
E
∘
)
c
⇒
p
∉
E
∘
⇒
∀
r
>
0
,
∃
q
∈
E
c
,
q
∈
N
r
(
p
)
⇒
N
r
(
p
)
∩
(
E
c
\
{
p
}
)
≠
∅
⇒
p
∈
E
c
‾
p \in \left( E^{\circ} \right)^{c}\Rightarrow p \not\in E^{\circ} \Rightarrow \forall r >0, \exists q\in E^c, q\in N_{r}\left( p \right)\Rightarrow N_{r}\left( p \right)\cap \left( E^c\backslash \left\{ p \right\} \right)\neq \emptyset \Rightarrow p \in \overline{E^c}
p∈(E∘)c⇒p∈E∘⇒∀r>0,∃q∈Ec,q∈Nr(p)⇒Nr(p)∩(Ec\{p})=∅⇒p∈Ec
(e) E = Q , E ˉ = R , E ∘ = ∅ , ( E ˉ ) ∘ = R E=\mathbb{Q},\bar{E}=\mathbb{R},E^{\circ}=\emptyset,\left( \bar{E} \right)^{\circ}= \mathbb{R} E=Q,Eˉ=R,E∘=∅,(Eˉ)∘=R
(f) E = Q , E ˉ = R , E ∘ = ∅ , E ∘ ‾ = ∅ E=\mathbb{Q},\bar{E}=\mathbb{R},E^{\circ}=\emptyset,\overline{E^{\circ}}=\emptyset E=Q,Eˉ=R,E∘=∅,E∘=∅
10.设
X
X
X是无穷集。对于
p
∈
X
,
q
∈
X
p \in X, q \in X
p∈X,q∈X,定义
d
(
p
,
q
)
=
{
1
,
p
≠
q
0
,
p
=
q
d \left( p,q \right) =\begin{cases} 1, &p\neq q\\ \\ 0, &p=q \end{cases}
d(p,q)=⎩
⎨
⎧1,0,p=qp=q
证明这是一个度量。由此所得的度量空间的哪些子集是开集?哪些是闭集?哪些是紧集?
证明:
设
p
,
q
,
r
∈
X
p,q,r \in X
p,q,r∈X
如果
p
≠
q
,
d
(
p
,
q
)
=
1
p\neq q, d\left( p,q \right)=1
p=q,d(p,q)=1,
d
(
p
,
p
)
=
0
d\left( p,p \right)=0
d(p,p)=0
显然
d
(
p
,
q
)
=
d
(
q
,
p
)
d \left( p,q \right)=d \left( q,p \right)
d(p,q)=d(q,p)
因为
r
=
p
r=p
r=p和
r
=
q
r=q
r=q不能同时成立,
d
(
p
,
q
)
≤
1
≤
d
(
p
,
r
)
+
d
(
r
,
q
)
d\left( p,q \right)\le 1 \le d \left( p,r \right) + d\left( r, q \right)
d(p,q)≤1≤d(p,r)+d(r,q)
B
1
2
(
x
)
⊂
{
x
}
B_{\frac{1}{2}}\left( x \right) \subset \left\{ x \right\}
B21(x)⊂{x},因此一个点的集合就是开集,进而任意集合都是开集
因为任何集合都是开集,他们的闭集就是闭集,进而任意集合都是闭集
只有有限集合都是紧集
无限集合不是紧集,考虑开覆盖
{
B
1
2
(
x
)
}
\left\{ B_{\frac{1}{2}}\left( x \right) \right\}
{B21(x)},不能找到有限开覆盖
11.对
x
∈
R
1
,
y
∈
R
1
x \in \mathbb{R}^{1}, y \in \mathbb{R}^{1}
x∈R1,y∈R1,定义
d
1
(
x
,
y
)
=
(
x
−
y
)
2
d
2
(
x
,
y
)
=
∣
x
−
y
∣
d
3
(
x
,
y
)
=
∣
x
2
−
y
2
∣
d
4
(
x
,
y
)
=
∣
x
−
2
y
∣
d
5
(
x
,
y
)
=
∣
x
−
y
∣
1
+
∣
x
−
y
∣
\begin{aligned} d_{1}\left( x,y \right) &= \left( x-y \right)^2\\ d_{2}\left( x,y \right) &=\sqrt{ \left| x-y \right| }\\ d_{3}\left( x,y \right) &= \left| x^2-y^2 \right| \\ d_{4}\left( x,y \right) &=\left| x-2y \right| \\ d_{5}\left( x,y \right) &= \frac{\left| x-y \right| }{1 + \left| x-y \right| } \end{aligned}
d1(x,y)d2(x,y)d3(x,y)d4(x,y)d5(x,y)=(x−y)2=∣x−y∣=
x2−y2
=∣x−2y∣=1+∣x−y∣∣x−y∣
其中哪些是度量?哪些不是?
解:
d
1
(
0
,
2
)
>
d
1
(
0
,
1
)
+
d
1
(
1
,
2
)
d_{1}(0,2) > d_{1}\left( 0,1 \right) + d_{1}\left( 1,2 \right)
d1(0,2)>d1(0,1)+d1(1,2)
∣
x
−
y
∣
≤
∣
x
−
z
∣
+
∣
y
−
z
∣
≤
∣
x
−
z
∣
+
∣
y
−
z
∣
+
2
∣
x
−
z
∣
∣
y
−
z
∣
\left| x-y \right| \le \left| x-z \right| + \left| y-z \right| \le \left| x-z \right| + \left| y-z \right| + 2\sqrt{ \left| x-z \right| \left| y-z \right| }
∣x−y∣≤∣x−z∣+∣y−z∣≤∣x−z∣+∣y−z∣+2∣x−z∣∣y−z∣
两边开根号得出
d
2
d_{2}
d2是度量
d
3
(
1
,
−
1
)
=
0
d_{3}\left( 1,-1 \right)=0
d3(1,−1)=0
d
4
(
2
,
1
)
=
0
d_{4}\left( 2,1 \right)=0
d4(2,1)=0
d
(
x
,
y
)
=
∣
x
−
y
∣
d \left( x,y \right)=\left| x-y \right|
d(x,y)=∣x−y∣是一个度量
令
a
=
d
(
x
,
y
)
,
b
=
(
x
,
z
)
,
c
=
d
(
y
,
z
)
a = d\left(x,y \right),b=\left( x,z \right),c= d\left( y,z \right)
a=d(x,y),b=(x,z),c=d(y,z),现在要证明
a
1
+
a
≤
b
1
+
b
+
c
1
+
c
\frac{a}{1 + a} \le \frac{b}{1+b}+ \frac{c}{1 + c}
1+aa≤1+bb+1+cc
通分
a
+
a
b
+
a
c
+
a
b
c
≤
b
+
b
a
+
b
c
+
a
b
c
+
c
+
c
a
+
c
b
+
a
b
c
a +ab + ac + abc \le b + ba + bc + abc + c + ca + cb + abc
a+ab+ac+abc≤b+ba+bc+abc+c+ca+cb+abc
显然成立
12.设
K
⊂
R
1
K \subset \mathbb{R}^{1}
K⊂R1是由
0
0
0及诸数
1
n
(
n
=
1
,
2
,
3
,
⋯
)
\frac{1}{n}\left( n=1,2,3,\cdots \right)
n1(n=1,2,3,⋯)组成的集。由定义直接证明(不用Heine-Borel)
K
K
K是紧集
证明:
K
=
{
0
}
∪
{
1
n
:
n
∈
N
+
}
K = \left\{ 0 \right\}\cup \left\{ \frac{1}{n}:n\in \mathbb{N}_{+} \right\}
K={0}∪{n1:n∈N+}
设
{
G
α
}
\left\{ G_{\alpha} \right\}
{Gα}是
K
K
K的开覆盖
0
∈
G
α
0
,
∃
δ
>
0
,
(
−
δ
,
δ
)
⊂
G
α
0
0 \in G_{\alpha_{0}}, \exists \delta>0, \left( -\delta, \delta \right) \subset G_{\alpha_{0}}
0∈Gα0,∃δ>0,(−δ,δ)⊂Gα0
对于
n
>
1
δ
,
1
δ
∈
G
α
0
n > \frac{1}{\delta}, \frac{1}{\delta} \in G_{\alpha_{0}}
n>δ1,δ1∈Gα0
因此
G
α
0
∪
(
⋃
i
=
1
⌊
1
δ
⌋
G
α
i
)
G_{\alpha_{0}} \cup \left( \bigcup_{i=1}^{\lfloor \frac{1}{\delta} \rfloor}G_{\alpha_{i}} \right)
Gα0∪(⋃i=1⌊δ1⌋Gαi)是
K
K
K的有限开覆盖,进而
K
K
K是紧集
13.作一个实数的紧集,使它的极限点构成一个可数集
解:
K
=
{
0
}
∪
{
1
n
:
n
∈
N
+
}
∪
{
1
m
+
1
n
:
n
,
m
∈
N
+
,
m
}
K = \left\{ 0 \right\}\cup \left\{ \frac{1}{n}:n\in\mathbb{N}_{+} \right\}\cup \left\{ \frac{1}{m}+\frac{1}{n}:n,m\in \mathbb{N}_{+}, m\right\}
K={0}∪{n1:n∈N+}∪{m1+n1:n,m∈N+,m}
∀
x
∈
K
,
∣
x
∣
≤
2
\forall x \in K, \left| x \right|\le 2
∀x∈K,∣x∣≤2
显然
0
,
1
m
0,\frac{1}{m}
0,m1都是
K
K
K的极限点
若
x
>
1
x >1
x>1,
1
+
1
p
≤
x
≤
1
+
1
q
1 + \frac{1}{p} \le x \le 1 + \frac{1}{q}
1+p1≤x≤1+q1,进而
x
x
x不是极限点
若
0
<
x
<
1
0<x<1
0<x<1且
x
≠
1
m
x\neq \frac{1}{m}
x=m1,则
1
p
+
1
<
x
<
1
p
\frac{1}{p+1} < x < \frac{1}{p}
p+11<x<p1
令
ε
=
1
2
min
(
x
−
1
p
+
1
,
1
p
−
x
)
\varepsilon = \frac{1}{2} \min \left( x-\frac{1}{p+1}, \frac{1}{p} - x \right)
ε=21min(x−p+11,p1−x)
K
∩
(
x
−
ε
,
x
+
ε
)
⊂
{
1
p
+
1
+
1
k
:
p
+
1
≤
k
<
1
ε
}
∪
{
1
m
+
1
n
:
m
≤
n
<
1
p
+
1
−
1
p
+
2
;
m
=
p
+
2
,
⋯
,
2
p
+
2
}
K \cap \left( x-\varepsilon, x + \varepsilon \right) \subset\left\{ \frac{1}{p+1}+\frac{1}{k}: p + 1 \le k < \frac{1}{\varepsilon} \right\}\cup \left\{ \frac{1}{m} + \frac{1}{n}:m\le n < \frac{1}{p+1} - \frac{1}{p + 2};m=p+2,\cdots,2p+2 \right\}
K∩(x−ε,x+ε)⊂{p+11+k1:p+1≤k<ε1}∪{m1+n1:m≤n<p+11−p+21;m=p+2,⋯,2p+2}
是一个有限集(没看懂),因此
x
x
x不可能是
K
K
K的极限点。
进而 K K K的极限点是可数集
必然存在有限个
m
,
n
,
m
≤
n
m,n,m \le n
m,n,m≤n使得
1
m
+
1
n
+
1
≤
x
≤
1
m
+
1
n
\frac{1}{m} +\frac{1}{n+1} \le x \le \frac{1}{m}+\frac{1}{n}
m1+n+11≤x≤m1+n1(这是因为右边最多取到
2
m
\frac{2}{m}
m2,进而
m
≤
2
x
m \le \frac{2}{x}
m≤x2)
令
0
<
ε
<
1
2
min
{
min
(
x
−
1
m
−
1
n
+
1
,
1
m
+
1
n
−
x
)
:
1
m
+
1
n
+
1
≤
x
≤
1
m
+
1
n
;
m
≤
n
}
0<\varepsilon<\frac{1}{2} \min \left\{ \min\left( x- \frac{1}{m} -\frac{1}{n+1}, \frac{1}{m} +\frac{1}{n} - x\right): \frac{1}{m} +\frac{1}{n+1} \le x \le \frac{1}{m}+\frac{1}{n};m\le n\right\}
0<ε<21min{min(x−m1−n+11,m1+n1−x):m1+n+11≤x≤m1+n1;m≤n}
进而
N
ε
(
x
)
∩
K
=
∅
N_{\varepsilon}\left( x \right) \cap K=\emptyset
Nε(x)∩K=∅
14.给一个开区间
(
0
,
1
)
\left( 0,1 \right)
(0,1),造一个没有有限子覆盖的开覆盖的实例
解:
令
A
n
=
(
1
n
,
n
−
1
n
)
,
n
=
3
,
4
,
⋯
A_{n}=\left( \frac{1}{n}, \frac{n-1}{n} \right),n=3,4,\cdots
An=(n1,nn−1),n=3,4,⋯
1
n
<
x
<
n
−
1
n
⇒
n
>
1
min
(
x
,
1
−
x
)
,
\frac{1}{n}<x < \frac{n-1}{n}\Rightarrow n >\frac{1}{\min \left( x, 1-x \right) },
n1<x<nn−1⇒n>min(x,1−x)1,
如果
n
>
1
min
(
x
,
1
−
x
)
n >\frac{1}{\min \left( x, 1-x \right) }
n>min(x,1−x)1,有
x
∈
A
n
x \in A_{n}
x∈An
进而
⋃
n
=
3
∞
A
n
\bigcup_{n=3}^{\infty}A_{n}
⋃n=3∞An能覆盖
(
0
,
1
)
\left( 0,1 \right)
(0,1)
任意有限覆盖为
(
1
k
,
k
−
1
k
)
\left( \frac{1}{k}, \frac{k-1}{k} \right)
(k1,kk−1)
15 如果
{
K
α
}
\left\{ K_{\alpha} \right\}
{Kα}是度量空间
X
X
X的一组紧子集,并且
{
K
α
}
\left\{ K_{\alpha} \right\}
{Kα}中任意有限个集的交都不是空集,那么
∩
K
α
\cap K_{\alpha}
∩Kα也不是空集。
如果把紧这个词换成“闭的”或者“有界的”,那么结论不成立(例如,在
R
1
\mathbb{R}^{1}
R1里)
证明:
令
A
n
=
(
0
,
1
n
)
,
B
n
=
[
n
,
∞
)
A_{n}=\left( 0, \frac{1}{n} \right), B_{n}=\left[ n, \infty \right)
An=(0,n1),Bn=[n,∞)
任意有限个集的交
∩
i
A
i
=
(
0
,
1
k
)
,
∩
i
B
i
=
[
k
,
∞
)
\cap_{i} A_{i}=\left(0, \frac{1}{k} \right), \cap_{i} B_{i} = \left[ k,\infty \right)
∩iAi=(0,k1),∩iBi=[k,∞)
但是
⋂
n
=
1
∞
A
n
=
⋂
n
=
1
∞
B
n
=
∅
\bigcap_{n=1}^{\infty}A_{n}=\bigcap_{n=1}^{\infty}B_{n}=\emptyset
⋂n=1∞An=⋂n=1∞Bn=∅
16.把所有有理数组成的集
Q
\mathbb{Q}
Q看成度量空间,而
d
(
p
,
q
)
=
∣
p
−
q
∣
d\left( p,q \right)=\left| p-q \right|
d(p,q)=∣p−q∣.
E
=
{
p
∈
Q
:
2
<
p
2
<
3
}
E=\left\{ p \in \mathbb{Q}:2 < p^2 < 3 \right\}
E={p∈Q:2<p2<3}
证明
E
E
E是
Q
\mathbb{Q}
Q中的有界闭集,但
E
E
E不是紧集,
E
E
E是否为
Q
\mathbb{Q}
Q中的开集
证明:
∀
x
∈
E
,
∣
x
∣
<
2
\forall x \in E, \left| x \right| <2
∀x∈E,∣x∣<2,因此
E
E
E有界
不妨假设
p
∈
Q
+
p \in \mathbb{Q}_{+}
p∈Q+是
E
E
E的极限点
∀
ε
>
0
,
∃
q
∈
E
,
q
>
0
,
d
(
p
,
q
)
=
∣
p
−
q
∣
<
ε
\forall \varepsilon > 0, \exists q \in E,q >0, d\left( p,q \right)=\left| p-q \right| < \varepsilon
∀ε>0,∃q∈E,q>0,d(p,q)=∣p−q∣<ε,进而
p
+
ε
>
q
p + \varepsilon > q
p+ε>q
因此
(
p
+
ε
)
2
−
2
>
q
2
−
2
>
0
\left( p+\varepsilon \right)^2-2>q^2-2>0
(p+ε)2−2>q2−2>0,于是
p
2
+
2
p
ε
+
ε
2
>
2
p^2 + 2p \varepsilon + \varepsilon^2 > 2
p2+2pε+ε2>2
由
ε
\varepsilon
ε的任意性,
p
2
≥
2
p^2 \ge 2
p2≥2,显然
p
2
≠
2
p^2\neq 2
p2=2,因此
p
2
>
2
p^2 > 2
p2>2
类似地
p
<
q
+
ε
p < q + \varepsilon
p<q+ε,得出
p
2
<
3
p^2 <3
p2<3
因此
p
∈
E
p \in E
p∈E,进而
E
E
E是闭集
若 E E E在 Q \mathbb{Q} Q中是紧集,那么在 R \mathbb{R} R中也是,然而 E E E在 R \mathbb{R} R中不是闭集,因此不是紧集,矛盾
显然 E E E是 Q \mathbb{Q} Q中的开集