密码学 (cryptography I - Dan Boneh) 【Week 1】Homework

学习课程：斯坦福大学密码学公开课
课件和作业(附答案)链接：https://pan.baidu.com/s/1vogTE2Flpzi9DmoclLPGQw
提取码：1mrp

Week 1 - Problem Set

Q1

先压缩再加密。
1、密文要随机性好，如果后加密的话，会导致随机性不好。同时也会泄漏压缩算法的信息。
2、压缩后数据量变小，此时加密的话会比较快。

Q2

D、把两个相同的序列连接起来作为一个新序列，这样新的序列就是可预测的了，不安全。

Q3

因为新的序列是通过AND运算得到的，那么检查最后一位时，最后一位是0的概率是0.75。
0 AND 0 = 0
0 AND 1 = 0
1 AND 0 = 0
1 AND 1 = 1
因此优势是0.25。

Q4

读懂题意就行了。

Q5

1、明文和密码的长度相同。
2、给定明文和对应的明文，能解出唯一的密钥。

Q6

选的时候不要只考虑随机性好坏，如果只考虑随机性，很有可能会错选最后一个选项。。。

Q7

计算就行。

Q8

主要是理解题意。选的节点向下不能出现坏节点。

Q9

即树的高度。当一个叶节点坏掉时，从根节点往树节点方向，每一层都需要做一个二选一选择，树的高度是多少，就要进行多少次选择。

Q10

前两题做对了这题必不会做错。

Week 1 - Programming Assignment

首先把target ciphertext和每个ciphertext异或。

import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.math.BigInteger;

public class Main {
	//给定的10个ciphertext以及target ciphertext
    private final static String string_cipher_text01 = "315c4eeaa8b5f8aaf9174145bf43e1784b8fa00dc71d885a804e5ee9fa40b1" +
   "6349c146fb778cdf2d3aff021dfff5b403b510d0d0455468aeb98622b137dae857553ccd8883a7bc37520e06e515d22c954eba50";
    private final static String string_cipher_text02 = "234c02ecbbfbafa3ed18510abd11fa724fcda2018a1a8342cf064bbde548b12b07df" +
   "44ba7191d9606ef4081ffde5ad46a5069d9f7f543bedb9c861bf29c7e205132eda9382b0bc2c5c4b45f919cf3a9f1cb741"; 
    private final static String string_cipher_text03 = "32510ba9a7b2bba9b8005d43a304b5714cc0bb0c8a34884dd91304b8ad40b62b07df" +
   "44ba6e9d8a2368e51d04e0e7b207b70b9b8261112bacb6c866a232dfe257527dc29398f5f3251a0d47e503c66e935de812";
    private final static String string_cipher_text04 = "32510ba9aab2a8a4fd06414fb517b5605cc0aa0dc91a8908c2064ba8ad5ea06a0290" +
   "56f47a8ad3306ef5021eafe1ac01a81197847a5c68a1b78769a37bc8f4575432c198ccb4ef63590256e305cd3a9544ee41";
    private final static String string_cipher_text05 = "3f561ba9adb4b6ebec54424ba317b564418fac0dd35f8c08d31a1fe9e24fe56808c2" +
   "13f17c81d9607cee021dafe1e001b21ade877a5e68bea88d61b93ac5ee0d562e8e9582f5ef375f0a4ae20ed86e935de812";
    private final static String string_cipher_text06 = "32510bfbacfbb9befd54415da243e1695ecabd58c519cd4bd2061bbde24eb76a19d8" +
   "4aba34d8de287be84d07e7e9a30ee714979c7e1123a8bd9822a33ecaf512472e8e8f8db3f9635c1949e640c621854eba0d";
    private final static String string_cipher_text07 = "32510bfbacfbb9befd54415da243e1695ecabd58c519cd4bd90f1fa6ea5ba47b01c9" +
   "09ba7696cf606ef40c04afe1ac0aa8148dd066592ded9f8774b529c7ea125d298e8883f5e9305f4b44f915cb2bd05af513";
    private final static String string_cipher_text08 = "315c4eeaa8b5f8bffd11155ea506b56041c6a00c8a08854dd21a4bbde54ce56801d9" +
   "43ba708b8a3574f40c00fff9e00fa1439fd0654327a3bfc860b92f89ee04132ecb9298f5fd2d5e4b45e40ecc3b9d59e941"; 
    private final static String string_cipher_text09 = "271946f9bbb2aeadec111841a81abc300ecaa01bd8069d5cc91005e9fe4aad6e04d5" +
   "13e96d99de2569bc5e50eeeca709b50a8a987f4264edb6896fb537d0a716132ddc938fb0f836480e06ed0fcd6e9759f404";
    private final static String string_cipher_text10 = "466d06ece998b7a2fb1d464fed2ced7641ddaa3cc31c9941cf110abbf409ed395980" +
   "05b3399ccfafb61d0315fca0a314be138a9f32503bedac8067f03adbf3575c3b8edc9ba7f537530541ab0f9f3cd04ff50d";
    private final static String target_text          = "32510ba9babebbbefd001547a810e67149caee11d945cd7fc81a05e9f85aac650e90" +
   "52ba6a8cd8257bf14d13e6f0a803b54fde9e77472dbff89d71b57bddef121336cb85ccb8f3315f4b52e301d16e9f52f904";
    
	public static void main(String[] args) throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
		//将每一个ciphertext转换成为BigInteger
		BigInteger[] bigIntegerText = {
				new BigInteger(string_cipher_text01,16),
				new BigInteger(string_cipher_text02,16),
				new BigInteger(string_cipher_text03,16),
				new BigInteger(string_cipher_text04,16),
				new BigInteger(string_cipher_text05,16),
				new BigInteger(string_cipher_text06,16),
				new BigInteger(string_cipher_text07,16),
				new BigInteger(string_cipher_text08,16),
				new BigInteger(string_cipher_text09,16),
				new BigInteger(string_cipher_text10,16)};
		
	    BigInteger bigIntgerTargetText = new BigInteger(target_text,16);
	    
	    //将targettext与每个ciphertext异或
	    BigInteger[] bigIntegerXOR = {
	    		bigIntgerTargetText.xor(bigIntegerText[0]),
	    		bigIntgerTargetText.xor(bigIntegerText[1]),
	    		bigIntgerTargetText.xor(bigIntegerText[2]),
	    		bigIntgerTargetText.xor(bigIntegerText[3]),
	    		bigIntgerTargetText.xor(bigIntegerText[4]),
	    		bigIntgerTargetText.xor(bigIntegerText[5]),
	    		bigIntgerTargetText.xor(bigIntegerText[6]),
	    		bigIntgerTargetText.xor(bigIntegerText[7]),
	    		bigIntgerTargetText.xor(bigIntegerText[8]),
	    		bigIntgerTargetText.xor(bigIntegerText[9])};
	    
	    //思路是每个字符逐个计算
	    for(int i=0;i<10;i++) {
	    	String XORString=bigIntegerXOR[i].toString(16);
	    	for(int j=0;j+2<=XORString.length();j=j+2) {
	    		int tmp=Integer.parseInt(XORString.subSequence(j, j+2).toString(), 16);
	    		//只输出可显示字符，不然输出会很乱
	    		if(tmp>31&&tmp<127) {
	    			System.out.print((char)tmp);
	    		}
	    		else {
	    			System.out.print("?");
	    		}

	    	}
	    	System.out.println();
	    }

	}
}

把输出的结果排一下版，对齐后进行猜测。猜测思路主要来自于题目中的提示：

Hint: XOR the ciphertexts together, and consider what happens when a space is XORed with a character in [a-zA-Z].

总结一下就是：
空格异或小写字母=对应的大写字母；
空格异或大写字母=对应的小写字母。
如果该列字符多，很可能target ciphertext此处是空格。
如果该列问号多，那么优先选取该列中的大写字母，因为英文文本中间大多是小写字母。
于是有：

 0?T1 ?1@Au@!u0p?$T????RT?E??!??du?D???p??????Q??????!4Q???0D?ptT`?`????`?U@a@4 ??5
???E?E????DM??????L?S_N=??NT???N?O?????E??E????E?IC????RAU??R???????N?O???????T?NNE
    ????E?H???S???U?SqE2???QU??N?O????R???P??????DE??V??NU??I??EAK??TM??EF?????????
    ??????T???S???D??_Dw??NAU??????N??????O?I????^I???E?O??????EG??????R?I????T???E
 ?q??p??Q?Ep??u1P?T!????q?????T??e$??`??Pq?????? uP????P?????????Q?Q????`??????????
   R?E???TT??S????SI?\?4???T?????H??^T??????????R[I??V??E?S?E???T?E?A??R?R??A?O??C?
   R?E???TT??S????SI?\?4???O?????Y[????E??A?I????[SN???Rg???R???N?E?OM????????EO???
 0?T1 ?0??????e1?????4??!???A?d???????u!??T?1????@??? @??uQ??E@?`???uD?????pp??P ??
?HMP??????????ZAG?N??CP#?????????EAS?????M?C?????ET???IRN???L?H?????C????ET????????
t<?ES&????S?E<????D-?YT>???R?SA\W?W?S?????N??P???\T?E??RT??EA??EO?EYW????N?H?NRO???
th? se??et mes?ag? is? ???n us?n? a strepm cipher? never uqe ehe ?e? more than once
the secret message is? when using a stream cipher? never use the key more than once
The secret message is: when using a stream cipher, never use the key more than once

因此密文是：

The secret message is: when using a stream cipher, never use the key more than once

密文异或明文得出key为：

66396e89c9dbd8cc9874352acd6395102eafce78aa7fed28a07f6bc98d29c50b69b0339a19f8aa401a9c6d708f80c066c763fef0123148cdd8e802d05ba98777335daefcecd59c433a6b268b60bf4eF03C9A61

可以用该key解密其他的密文来验证。

import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.math.BigInteger;

public class Main {
	//给定的10个ciphertext以及target ciphertext
    private final static String string_cipher_text01 = "315c4eeaa8b5f8aaf9174145bf43e1784b8fa00dc71d885a804e5ee9fa40b1" +
   "6349c146fb778cdf2d3aff021dfff5b403b510d0d0455468aeb98622b137dae857553ccd8883a7bc37520e06e515d22c954eba50";
    private final static String string_cipher_text02 = "234c02ecbbfbafa3ed18510abd11fa724fcda2018a1a8342cf064bbde548b12b07df" +
   "44ba7191d9606ef4081ffde5ad46a5069d9f7f543bedb9c861bf29c7e205132eda9382b0bc2c5c4b45f919cf3a9f1cb741"; 
    private final static String string_cipher_text03 = "32510ba9a7b2bba9b8005d43a304b5714cc0bb0c8a34884dd91304b8ad40b62b07df" +
   "44ba6e9d8a2368e51d04e0e7b207b70b9b8261112bacb6c866a232dfe257527dc29398f5f3251a0d47e503c66e935de812";
    private final static String string_cipher_text04 = "32510ba9aab2a8a4fd06414fb517b5605cc0aa0dc91a8908c2064ba8ad5ea06a0290" +
   "56f47a8ad3306ef5021eafe1ac01a81197847a5c68a1b78769a37bc8f4575432c198ccb4ef63590256e305cd3a9544ee41";
    private final static String string_cipher_text05 = "3f561ba9adb4b6ebec54424ba317b564418fac0dd35f8c08d31a1fe9e24fe56808c2" +
   "13f17c81d9607cee021dafe1e001b21ade877a5e68bea88d61b93ac5ee0d562e8e9582f5ef375f0a4ae20ed86e935de812";
    private final static String string_cipher_text06 = "32510bfbacfbb9befd54415da243e1695ecabd58c519cd4bd2061bbde24eb76a19d8" +
   "4aba34d8de287be84d07e7e9a30ee714979c7e1123a8bd9822a33ecaf512472e8e8f8db3f9635c1949e640c621854eba0d";
    private final static String string_cipher_text07 = "32510bfbacfbb9befd54415da243e1695ecabd58c519cd4bd90f1fa6ea5ba47b01c9" +
   "09ba7696cf606ef40c04afe1ac0aa8148dd066592ded9f8774b529c7ea125d298e8883f5e9305f4b44f915cb2bd05af513";
    private final static String string_cipher_text08 = "315c4eeaa8b5f8bffd11155ea506b56041c6a00c8a08854dd21a4bbde54ce56801d9" +
   "43ba708b8a3574f40c00fff9e00fa1439fd0654327a3bfc860b92f89ee04132ecb9298f5fd2d5e4b45e40ecc3b9d59e941"; 
    private final static String string_cipher_text09 = "271946f9bbb2aeadec111841a81abc300ecaa01bd8069d5cc91005e9fe4aad6e04d5" +
   "13e96d99de2569bc5e50eeeca709b50a8a987f4264edb6896fb537d0a716132ddc938fb0f836480e06ed0fcd6e9759f404";
    private final static String string_cipher_text10 = "466d06ece998b7a2fb1d464fed2ced7641ddaa3cc31c9941cf110abbf409ed395980" +
   "05b3399ccfafb61d0315fca0a314be138a9f32503bedac8067f03adbf3575c3b8edc9ba7f537530541ab0f9f3cd04ff50d";
    private final static String target_text          = "32510ba9babebbbefd001547a810e67149caee11d945cd7fc81a05e9f85aac650e90" +
   "52ba6a8cd8257bf14d13e6f0a803b54fde9e77472dbff89d71b57bddef121336cb85ccb8f3315f4b52e301d16e9f52f904";
    private final static String guest_key            = "66396e89c9dbd8cc9874352acd6395102eafce78aa7fed28a07f6bc98d29c50b69b0" +
    "339a19f8aa401a9c6d708f80c066c763fef0123148cdd8e802d05ba98777335daefcecd59c433a6b268b60bf4eF03C9A61";
    
	public static void main(String[] args) throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
		//将每一个ciphertext转换成为BigInteger
		BigInteger[] bigIntegerText = {
				new BigInteger(string_cipher_text01,16),
				new BigInteger(string_cipher_text02,16),
				new BigInteger(string_cipher_text03,16),
				new BigInteger(string_cipher_text04,16),
				new BigInteger(string_cipher_text05,16),
				new BigInteger(string_cipher_text06,16),
				new BigInteger(string_cipher_text07,16),
				new BigInteger(string_cipher_text08,16),
				new BigInteger(string_cipher_text09,16),
				new BigInteger(string_cipher_text10,16)};
		
	    BigInteger bigIntgerTargetText = new BigInteger(target_text,16);
	    BigInteger bigIntegerGuestKey = new BigInteger(guest_key,16);
	    
	    for(int i=0;i<10;i++) {
	    	System.out.println(i+1+":\n" + new String(bigIntegerGuestKey.xor(bigIntegerText[i]).toByteArray(), "GBK"));
	    }
	}
}

output:
1:
We can factor the number 15 with quantum computers. We can also factor the number 1
2:
Euler would probably enjoy that now his theorem becomes a corner stone of crypto -
3:
The nice thing about Keeyloq is now we cryptographers can drive a lot of fancy cars
4:
The ciphertext produced by a weak encryption algorithm looks as good as ciphertext
5:
You don’t want to buy a set of car keys from a guy who specializes in stealing cars
6:
There are two types of cryptography - that which will keep secrets safe from your l
7:
There are two types of cyptography: one that allows the Government to use brute for
8:
We can see the point where the chip is unhappy if a wrong bit is sent and consumes
9:
A (private-key) encryption scheme states 3 algorithms, namely a procedure for gene
10:
The Concise OxfordDictionary (2006) de铿乶es crypto as the art of writing o r sol

不知道第十个为什么会出来奇奇怪怪的东西 : (