RabbitMQ 入门教程

概述

RabbitMQ 是一个开源的消息代理和队列服务器，实现了高级消息队列协议 (AMQP)。它能够接收、存储和转发消息数据。本教程将引导你完成搭建RabbitMQ环境、编写生产者与消费者程序的过程。

安装与配置

1. 安装RabbitMQ

Linux

```bash

sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-get install rabbitmq-server

```

Windows

- 下载安装包: https://www.rabbitmq.com/download.html

- 运行安装向导

2. 启动服务

```bash

sudo service rabbitmq-server start

```

3. 配置环境

创建用户

```bash

rabbitmqctl add_user myuser mypassword

```

设置权限

```bash

rabbitmqctl set_user_tags myuser administrator

rabbitmqctl set_permissions -p / myuser ".*" ".*" ".*"

```

开发环境准备

Python开发环境

安装Pika库

```bash

pip install pika

```

示例代码

生产者

文件: `producer.py`

```python

import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

声明队列

channel.queue_declare(queue='hello')

发送消息

channel.basic_publish(exchange='',

routing_key='hello',

body='Hello World!')

print(" [x] Sent 'Hello World!'")

connection.close()

```

消费者

文件: `consumer.py`

```python

import pika

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):

print(" [x] Received %r" % body)

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

声明队列

channel.queue_declare(queue='hello')

消费消息

channel.basic_consume(queue='hello',

on_message_callback=callback,

auto_ack=True)

print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C')

channel.start_consuming()

```

运行示例

启动生产者

```bash

python producer.py

```

启动消费者

```bash

python consumer.py

```

高级特性

1. 工作队列

生产者 (`work_queue_producer.py`)

```python

import pika

import time

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.queue_declare(queue='task_queue', durable=True)

message = "Hello World!"

channel.basic_publish(

exchange='',

routing_key='task_queue',

body=message,

properties=pika.BasicProperties(

delivery_mode=2, # make message persistent

))

print(" [x] Sent %r" % message)

connection.close()

```

消费者 (`work_queue_consumer.py`)

```python

import pika

import time

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):

print(" [x] Received %r" % body)

time.sleep(body.count(b'.'))

print(" [x] Done")

ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag=method.delivery_tag)

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.queue_declare(queue='task_queue', durable=True)

print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C')

channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1)

channel.basic_consume(queue='task_queue', on_message_callback=callback)

channel.start_consuming()

```

2. 发布/订阅模式

生产者 (`pubsub_producer.py`)

```python

import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='logs', exchange_type='fanout')

message = "Hello World!"

channel.basic_publish(exchange='logs',

routing_key='',

body=message)

print(" [x] Sent %r" % message)

connection.close()

```

消费者 (`pubsub_consumer.py`)

```python

import pika

import sys

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):

print(" [x] Received %r" % body)

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='logs', exchange_type='fanout')

result = channel.queue_declare(queue='', exclusive=True)

queue_name = result.method.queue

channel.queue_bind(exchange='logs', queue=queue_name)

print(' [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C')

channel.basic_consume(queue=queue_name, on_message_callback=callback, auto_ack=True)

channel.start_consuming()

```

总结

通过以上步骤，你已经了解了如何使用Python和RabbitMQ进行基本的消息传递。RabbitMQ提供了许多高级特性和功能，可以支持复杂的系统架构需求。

```