RabbitMQ 入门教程

介绍

RabbitMQ 是一个开源的消息代理和队列服务器，实现了 AMQP 0-9-1 标准。它支持多种消息协议，并且可以在各种环境中运行。

安装与配置

1. 安装 RabbitMQ

Linux (Ubuntu/Debian)

```bash

sudo apt update

sudo apt install rabbitmq-server

```

Windows

- 下载并安装 [RabbitMQ Server](https://www.rabbitmq.com/download.html)

2. 启动服务

```bash

sudo service rabbitmq-server start

```

3. 配置管理插件

```bash

sudo rabbitmq-plugins enable rabbitmq_management

```

4. 访问管理界面

- 浏览器访问: http://localhost:15672/

- 默认账号密码: guest/guest

发布/订阅模式

发布/订阅模式中，消息发布者将消息发送到交换器（Exchange），交换器根据规则将消息转发给绑定的队列（Queue）。

代码示例 (Python)

安装依赖

```bash

pip install pika

```

生产者 (producer.py)

```python

import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='logs', exchange_type='fanout')

message = "Hello World!"

channel.basic_publish(exchange='logs', routing_key='', body=message)

print(" [x] Sent %r" % message)

connection.close()

```

消费者 (consumer.py)

```python

import pika

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):

print(" [x] Received %r" % body)

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='logs', exchange_type='fanout')

result = channel.queue_declare(queue='', exclusive=True)

queue_name = result.method.queue

channel.queue_bind(exchange='logs', queue=queue_name)

channel.basic_consume(queue=queue_name, on_message_callback=callback, auto_ack=True)

print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C')

channel.start_consuming()

```

工作队列模式

工作队列模式是实现任务分配的基础，其中消息被发送到队列，消费者从队列中取出消息进行处理。

代码示例 (Python)

生产者 (task_queue_producer.py)

```python

import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.queue_declare(queue='task_queue', durable=True)

message = "A new task"

channel.basic_publish(

exchange='',

routing_key='task_queue',

body=message,

properties=pika.BasicProperties(

delivery_mode=2, # make message persistent

))

print(" [x] Sent %r" % message)

connection.close()

```

消费者 (task_queue_consumer.py)

```python

import pika

import time

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):

print(" [x] Received %r" % body.decode())

time.sleep(body.count(b'.'))

print(" [x] Done")

ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag=method.delivery_tag)

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.queue_declare(queue='task_queue', durable=True)

channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1)

channel.basic_consume(queue='task_queue', on_message_callback=callback)

print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C')

channel.start_consuming()

```

路由模式

路由模式中，交换器可以根据特定的键来决定消息应该发往哪些队列。

代码示例 (Python)

生产者 (direct_sender.py)

```python

import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='direct_logs', exchange_type='direct')

severity = 'info'

message = 'Info level log'

channel.basic_publish(

exchange='direct_logs', routing_key=severity, body=message)

print(" [x] Sent %r:%r" % (severity, message))

connection.close()

```

消费者 (direct_receiver.py)

```python

import pika

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):

print(" [x] Received %r" % body)

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters('localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='direct_logs', exchange_type='direct')

result = channel.queue_declare(queue='', exclusive=True)

queue_name = result.method.queue

severities = ['info', 'warning']

for severity in severities:

channel.queue_bind(exchange='direct_logs', queue=queue_name, routing_key=severity)

channel.basic_consume(queue=queue_name, on_message_callback=callback, auto_ack=True)

print(' [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C')

channel.start_consuming()