Python数据结构

1. List

元素种类可以不一样，如obj_list = ["string", 1, True, 3.14]
如何创建一个空列表？2种方式[ ] 和list()

empty_list = []

empty_list = list()

1.1 insert

weekdays = ['Monday','Tuesday','Wednesday','Thursday','Friday']
weekdays

# 在第一个位置插入“Sunday”
weekdays.insert(0,"Sunday")
weekdays

1.2 delete

• 基于下标删除

del weekdays[0]
weekdays

# 删除第3个之后所有的
al = ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G']
del al[3:]
al

• 基于对象值删除

weekdays.remove('Friday')
weekdays

1.3 append

weekdays = ['Monday','Tuesday','Wednesday','Thursday','Friday']
'Friday' in weekdays
weekdays.append('Friday')
weekdays

weekend = ['Saturday', 'Sunday']
weekdays = weekdays + weekend
weekdays

1.4 pop

• 不加下标移除最后一个

last_day = weekdays.pop()
print("last_day = ", last_day, "\nweekdays = ", weekdays)

• 移除指定位置的

first_day = weekdays.pop(2)
print("first_day = ", first_day, "\nweekdays = ", weekdays)

1.5 sort

• 对于数字，默认升序排列

nums = [1,4,2,5,3]
sorted_nums = sorted(nums)
print("nums =", nums, "\nsorted_nums =", sorted_nums)

nums.sort()
nums

# 降序
nums.sort(reverse=True)
nums

• 对于字符串，默认首字母按字母表顺序排

fruit = ["strawberry","apple","watermelon"]
sorted_fruit = sorted(fruit)
print(sorted_fruit)

1.6 赋值，拷贝

a = [1,2,3]

b = a
c = a.copy()
d = a[:]
e = list(a)

a[0] = 5
print("a = ", a, "\nb = ", b, "\nc = ", c, "\nd = ", d, "\ne = ", e)

1.7 列表的特殊用法

tom_list = ['Tom', 'Male', 20]
a,b,c = tom_list
print(a)
print(b)
print(c)

2. Tuple

2.1 创建元组

• 如何创建一个元组 ()

empty_tuple = ()

week_tuple = ('Monday', 'Tuesday')
week_tuple

(123,456,789)
a = 123,456,789
print(type(a))
print(a[0])

single_tuple = ('Monday',) # single_tuple = ('Monday')
type(single_tuple)

2.2 元组的特殊用法

tom_tuple = ('Tom', 'Male', 20)
name, gender, age = tom_tuple
print("Name = ", name, "\nGender = ", gender, "\nAge = ", age)

2.3 python中交换2个变量

a = 1
b = 2
a, b = b, a

print("a = ", a, "\nb = ", b)

按照其他编程语言的写法

a = 1
b = 2
c = a
a = b
b = c

print(a,b)

2.4 tuple vs list

区别	tuple	list
创建	()	[]
修改值	不可以	可以
与字典	可以作为字典的关键字

3. Dictionary

3.1 创建字典

• 如何创建字典
  用 { }

empty_dict = {}
empty_dict

pizza = {
    "size":"medium", 
    "type":"pepperoni", 
    "crust":"Thick", 
    "qty": 1, 
    "deliver":True,
}
pizza

python的key通常为字符串，也可以为任意类型，例如还支持如下创建方式

fruit = {
    1:"apple",
    (1,1):"cheap",
    1.1: "nutritional"
}
print(fruit)

3.2 取值操作

• 取key

pizza.keys()

• 取values

pizza.values()

• 取所有key和value

pizza.items()

• 根据key取value

pizza['type']

# 第2种方式
pizza.get('type')

3.3 添加新的key和value

pizza['topping'] = ['cheese','mushroom']
pizza

3.4 delete，clear

• 删除某行

del pizza['topping']
pizza

• 删除整个元组

pizza.clear()
pizza

4. Set

4.1 创建set

用set()

empty_set = set()
empty_set

集合中不能有重复元素

even_set = {2,4,6,6,8,10}
even_set

输出{2,4,6,8,10}

4.4 集合的一些操作

num_set = {3,6,9,12,15,18}
even_set = {2,4,6,8,10}

# 交
even_set & num_set

# 并
even_set | num_set

# 差
even_set - num_set
num_set - even_set

5. 数据结构的转换

5.1 转List

list('ababc')

输出：['a', 'b', 'a', 'b', 'c']

list((1,2,3,4))

输出：[1, 2, 3, 4]

list({'name': 'Ed', 'employer': 'Oracle'})

输出：['name', 'employer']

list({'name': 'Ed', 'employer': 'Oracle'}.values())

输出：['Ed', 'Oracle']

list({5,6,7,8})

输出：[8, 5, 6, 7]

sorted(list({5,6,7,8}))

输出：[5, 6, 7, 8]

5.2 转tuple

dict('ababc')

输出：报错信息

dict([1,2,3])

输出：报错信息

dict(['ab', 'cd', 'ef'])

输出：{'a': 'b', 'c': 'd', 'e': 'f'}

dict(['abg', 'cd', 'ef'])

输出：报错信息

dict([['a', 'b'], ('c', 'd'), ('e', 'f')])

输出：{'a': 'b', 'c': 'd', 'e': 'f'}

6. zip()

s1 = 'abcdefg'
s2 = 'hijklmn'
list(zip(s1, s2))

输出：
[('a', 'h'),
('b', 'i'),
('c', 'j'),
('d', 'k'),
('e', 'l'),
('f', 'm'),
('g', 'n')]

s3, s4 = zip(*d)
print(list(s3))
print(list(s4))

输出：['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g'] ['h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n']

7. 支持修改 vs 不支持修改

s = ["hello"]
print(s)
s[1] = i

输出：报错信息

s = list("hello")
print(s)
s[1]= 'i'
"".join(s)

输出：['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o']
'hillo'

• immutable的数据类型可作为dictionary的索引，tuple可以作为dictionary的索引，list不可以作为dictionary的索引