python面向对象

1. Models,Packages and Program

1.1 models

通过以下两行代码，可查看可以调用模块的路径

import sys
sys.path

我的工作目录为上述结果中的第一个，假设我在这个目录下创建了report.py文件，具体内容如下：

def get_descrption():
    from random import choice
    possibilities = ['rain','snow','sleet','fog','sun','who  knows']
    return choice(possibilities)

def get_desc():
    from random import choice
    possibilities = ['rain','snow','sleet','fog','sun','who  knows']
    return choice(possibilities)

现在我在jupyter notebook里调用函数，只需要输入如下代码：

import report 
report.get_descrption()

1.2 packages

在python目录下看见__init__.py file通常是包
一个包下有很多模块，模块是一个文件，包是多个文件组成的目录
调用方式：from package名 import model名

2. 文件I/O

open, write, read,close

text = '''\
frist line
second line
third line
end
'''

fout = open('new_file.txt','w')
ret = fout.write(text)
print("open value of write()=",ret)
fout.close()

fout = open('new_file.txt','r')
all_lines = fout.readlines()
print(all_lines)
fout.close()

读写字节型的文件时，需要加‘wb’，‘rb’

3. 类

3.1 定义类

class Person:
    pass

someone = Person()
type(someone)

class Person:
    def __init__(self,name,gender):
        self.name = name
        self.gender = gender
    
ed = Person('Edward','male')

print('Name:',ed.name)
print('Gender:',ed.gender)

class Person:
    def __init__(self,name,gender):
        self.name = name
        self.gender = gender
    def say(self):
        print("Hi,I'm " + self.name + ",it's nice to meet you!")
        
ed = Person("jashou","male")
ed.say()

3.2 类的继承

• 子类继承了父类的所有属性

class MDPerson(Person):
    pass
md_ed = MDPerson("Jack","male")
md_ed.say()

md_ed.name

md_ed.gender

• 父类不能调用子类的特殊功能

class MDPerson(Person):
    def diagnose(self):
        print("You need some treatment!")
        
        
new_ed = MDPerson("Jack","male")
new_ed.say()
new_ed.diagnose()

输出：Hi,I'm Jack,it's nice to meet you!
You need some treatment!

new_ed = Person("Jack","male")
new_ed.say()
new_ed.diagnose()

输出：Hi,I'm Jack,it's nice to meet you!
AttributeError: 'Person' object has no attribute 'diagnose'

3.3 super()

class MDPerson(Person):
    def __init__(self,name,gender,dept = "Cardiac Surgry"):
        super().__init__(name,gender)
        self.name = 'Doctor '+ self.name
        self.dept = dept
        
    def say(self):
        print("Hi,I'm %s from %s department,how can I help you?"%(self.name,self.dept))
        
ed = MDPerson("Joshua","male")
ed.say()

输出：Hi,I'm Doctor Joshua from Cardiac Surgry department,how can I help you?

3.4 多态

class Quote():
    def __init__(self,person,words):
        self.person = person
        self.words = words        
    def who(self):
        return self.person   
    def says(self):
        return self.words + '.'
    
class QuestionQuote(Quote):
    def says(self):
        return self.words + '?'
    

class ExclamationQuote(Quote):
    def says(self):
        return self.words + '!'

def who_says(obj):
    print(obj.who(),'says:',obj.says())

q1 = Quote('Ed','Normal Quote')
q2 = QuestionQuote('Ed','Question Quote')
q3 = ExclamationQuote('Ed','Exclamation Quote')

quotes = [q1,q2,q3]

for q in quotes:
    print(q.says())

class Ed():
    def who(self):
        return 'Ed'
    def says(self):
        return "Hi,I'm Edward:"

ed = Ed()
print(ed.says())

quotes = [q1,q2,q3,ed]
for q in quotes:
    print(q.says())

Ed.says(q3)

友好地输出

class Quote():
    def __init__(self,person,words):
        self.person = person
        self.words = words  
        
    def __str__(self):
        return "Quote('" + self.person + "','" + self.words + "')"
   
    def who(self):
        return self.person   
    
    def says(self):
        return self.words + '.'

q1 = Quote('Ed','Normal Quote')
print(q1)

输出：Quote('Ed','Normal Quote')