第一行代码笔记⑧
网络技术,在手机端用HTTP协议和服务器端进行网络交互,并对服务器返回的数据进行解析。
8.1 WebView的用法
新建WebViewTest
activity_main.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity">
<WebView
android:id="@+id/web_view"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent" />
</LinearLayout>
布局中只有一个控件,WebView,只有一个id,并充满整个屏幕
MainActivity
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
WebView webView= (WebView) findViewById(R.id.web_view);
// 设置浏览器属性,让webview支持javascript脚本
webView.getSettings().setJavaScriptEnabled(true);
// 当需要从一个网页跳转到另一个网页时,可以让目标网页仍然在当前webview中显示
// 而不是打开系统浏览器
webView.setWebViewClient(new WebViewClient());
webView.loadUrl("http://www.baidu.com");
}
}
最后添加权限
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET" />
8.2 使用HTTP协议访问网络
HttpURLConnection
activity_main.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical"
tools:context=".MainActivity">
<Button
android:id="@+id/send_request"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Send Request" />
<ScrollView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent">
<TextView
android:id="@+id/response_text"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content" />
</ScrollView>
</LinearLayout>
ScrollView 的作用:过多的内容一屏显示不下,可以以滚动的形式查看屏幕外的那部分内容。
MainActivity
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity implements View.OnClickListener {
TextView responseText;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
Button sendRequest = (Button) findViewById(R.id.send_request);
responseText = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.response_text);
sendRequest.setOnClickListener(this);
}
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
if (v.getId()==R.id.send_request){
sendRequestWithHttpURLConnection();
}
}
private void sendRequestWithHttpURLConnection(){
// 开启线程来发起网络请求
new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
HttpURLConnection connection = null;
BufferedReader reader = null;
try {
URL url = new URL("http://www.baidu.com");
connection = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
connection.setRequestMethod("GET");
connection.setConnectTimeout(8000);
connection.setReadTimeout(8000);
InputStream in = connection.getInputStream();
// 下面对获取到的输入流进行读取
reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(in));
StringBuilder response = new StringBuilder();
String line;
while((line=reader.readLine())!=null){
response.append(line);
}
showResponse(response.toString());
}catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
if (reader!=null){
try {
reader.close();
}catch (IOException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if(connection!=null){
connection.disconnect();
}
}
}
}).start();
}
private void showResponse(final String response){
runOnUiThread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
// 在这里进行UI操作,将结果显示到界面上
responseText.setText(response);
}
});
}
}
在Send Request按钮的点击事件里调用了sendRequestWithHttpURLConnection方法,先是开启了一个子线程,然后在子线程里面使用HttpURLConnection发出一条http请求。再利用BufferedReader对服务器返回的流进行读取,并将结果传入到showResponse方法中。showResponse里面调用一个runOnUiThread方法?是因为Android不允许在子线程中进行UI操作,需要通过这个方法将线程切换到主线程,然后再更新UI元素,现在记得这么写就行,以后再详细讲解。
最后还是别忘了添加权限
服务器返回的是HTML码,通常情况下,是浏览器解析程漂亮的网页再展示出来,测试结果如下
OkHttp
替代原生的HttpURLConnection,现在是开发者首选的网络通信库。
private void sendRequestWithOkHttp(){
new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
try {
OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url("http://www.baidu.com")
.build();
Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
String responseData = response.body().string();
showResponse(responseData);
}catch (Exception e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}).start();
}
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
if (v.getId()==R.id.send_request){
// sendRequestWithHttpURLConnection();
sendRequestWithOkHttp();
}
}
8.3解析XML格式数据
事先准备好Apache服务器,一般去官网下载直接解压缩就好了,注意两个配置项
Listen端口由80改成了81,电脑80端口被占用了
同时修改了SRVROOT为D:\Program Files\Apache24
提前写好xml文件,放在htdocs目录下
<apps>
<app>
<id>1</id>
<name>Google Maps</name>
<version>1.0</version>
</app>
<app>
<id>2</id>
<name>Chrome</name>
<version>2.1</version>
</app>
<app>
<id>3</id>
<name>Google Play</name>
<version>2.3</version>
</app>
</apps>
可以直接通过浏览器访问http://127.0.0.1:81/get_data.xml
Pull解析方式
private void sendRequestWithOkHttp() {
new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
try {
OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
Request request = new Request.Builder()
// 指定访问的服务器地址是电脑本机
.url("http://10.0.2.2/get_data.xml")
.build();
Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
String responseData = response.body().string();
// showResponse(responseData);
parseXMLWithPull(responseData);
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}).start();
}
private void parseXMLWithPull(String xmlData) {
try {
XmlPullParserFactory factory = XmlPullParserFactory.newInstance();
XmlPullParser xmlPullParser = factory.newPullParser();
xmlPullParser.setInput(new StringReader(xmlData));
int eventType = xmlPullParser.getEventType();
String id = "";
String name = "";
String version = "";
while (eventType != XmlPullParser.END_DOCUMENT) {
String nodeName = xmlPullParser.getName();
switch (eventType) {
// 开始解析某个节点
case XmlPullParser.START_TAG: {
if ("id".equals(nodeName)) {
id = xmlPullParser.nextText();
} else if ("name".equals(nodeName)) {
name = xmlPullParser.nextText();
} else if ("version".equals(nodeName)) {
version = xmlPullParser.nextText();
}
break;
}
// 完成解析某个节点
case XmlPullParser.END_TAG: {
if ("app".equals(nodeName)) {
Log.d("MainActivity", "id is" + id);
Log.d("MainActivity", "name is" + name);
Log.d("MainActivity", "version is" + version);
}
break;
}
default:
break;
}
eventType = xmlPullParser.next();
}
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
首先将HTTP请求地址改为http://10.0.2.2/get_data.xml,10.0.2.2对于模拟器来说,就是电脑本机的IP地址。得到服务器返回的数据以后,我们不再直接展示,而是调用方法去解析。解析方式就比较简单了,可以参考以前深度学习里面python里面解析数据集xml的方式
这里有个注意点,前面我修改了服务器的端口为81,上述代码还是使用的默认80端口,因此需要加上81端口号
.url("http://10.0.2.2:81/get_data.xml")
网上参考的说需要添加
<android:usesCleartextTraffic="true">
实际测试不加,也能展示,可能是版本问题。
SAX解析方式
SAX解析稍微复杂,但是语义方面会更加清楚
主要是重写5个方法,根据函数名可以很容易理解
新建ContentHandler类继承DefaultHandler
public class ContentHandler extends DefaultHandler {
private String nodeName;
private StringBuilder id;
private StringBuilder name;
private StringBuilder version;
@Override
public void startDocument() throws SAXException {
id = new StringBuilder();
name = new StringBuilder();
version = new StringBuilder();
}
@Override
public void endDocument() throws SAXException {
super.endDocument();
}
@Override
public void startElement(String uri, String localName, String qName, Attributes attributes) throws SAXException {
// 记录当前节点名
nodeName = localName;
}
@Override
public void endElement(String uri, String localName, String qName) throws SAXException {
if ("app".equals(localName)) {
Log.d("ContentHandler", "id is " + id.toString());
Log.d("ContentHandler", "id.length " + id.length());
Log.d("ContentHandler", "name is " + name.toString());
Log.d("ContentHandler", "name.length " + name.length());
Log.d("ContentHandler", "version is " + version.toString());
Log.d("ContentHandler", "version.length " + version.length());
// 最后将StringBuilder清空掉
id.setLength(0);
name.setLength(0);
version.setLength(0);
}
}
@Override
public void characters(char[] ch, int start, int length) throws SAXException {
// 根据当前的节点名判断将内容添加到哪一个StringBuilder中
if ("id".equals(nodeName)) {
id.append(ch, start, length);
} else if ("name".equals(nodeName)) {
name.append(ch, start, length);
} else if ("version".equals(nodeName)) {
version.append(ch, start, length);
}
}
}
MainActivity
private void sendRequestWithOkHttp() {
new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
try {
OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
Request request = new Request.Builder()
// 指定访问的服务器地址是电脑本机
.url("http://10.0.2.2:81/get_data.xml")
// .url("http://www.baidu.com")
.build();
Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
String responseData = response.body().string();
showResponse(responseData);
// parseXMLWithPull(responseData);
parseXMLWithSAX(responseData);
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}).start();
}
private void parseXMLWithSAX(String xmlData) {
try {
SAXParserFactory factory = SAXParserFactory.newInstance();
XMLReader xmlReader = factory.newSAXParser().getXMLReader();
ContentHandler handler = new ContentHandler();
// 将ContentHandler实例设置到xmlReader中
xmlReader.setContentHandler(handler);
// 开始执行解析
xmlReader.parse(new InputSource(new StringReader(xmlData)));
}catch (Exception e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
这里实测,能够解析出来,但是各个元素的的长度不对,打印的时候格式存在一些问题。
目前还不清楚这是什么原因造成的。
8.4 解析JSON格式数据
实现准备好get_data.json,htdocs目录下
[
{
"id": "5",
"version": "5.5",
"name": "Clash of Clans"
},
{
"id": "6",
"version": "7.0",
"name": "Boom Beach"
},
{
"id": "7",
"version": "3.5",
"name": "Clash Royale"
}
]
JSONObject
官方的解析方式
private void sendRequestWithOkHttp() {
new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
try {
OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
Request request = new Request.Builder()
// 指定访问的服务器地址是电脑本机
.url("http://10.0.2.2:81/get_data.json")
// .url("http://www.baidu.com")
.build();
Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
String responseData = response.body().string();
parseJSONWithJSONObject(responseData);
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}).start();
}
private void parseJSONWithJSONObject(String jsonData) {
try {
JSONArray jsonArray = new JSONArray(jsonData);
// System.out.println(jsonArray.length()); //3
for (int i = 0; i < jsonArray.length(); i++) {
JSONObject jsonObject = jsonArray.getJSONObject(i);
String id = jsonObject.getString("id");
String name = jsonObject.getString("name");
String version = jsonObject.getString("version");
Log.d("MainActivity", "id is " + id);
Log.d("MainActivity", "id length " + id.length());
Log.d("MainActivity", "name is " + name);
Log.d("MainActivity", "name length " + name.length());
Log.d("MainActivity", "version is " + version);
Log.d("MainActivity", "version length " + version.length());
}
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
可以看到这样解析方式是正确的
GSON
谷歌的开源库,解析起来更加简单,需要添加依赖
implementation 'com.google.code.gson:gson:2.8.5'
MainActivity
private void sendRequestWithOkHttp() {
new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
try {
OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
Request request = new Request.Builder()
// 指定访问的服务器地址是电脑本机
.url("http://10.0.2.2:81/get_data.json")
// .url("http://www.baidu.com")
.build();
Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
String responseData = response.body().string();
// System.out.println(responseData);
// showResponse(responseData);
// parseJSONWithJSONObject(responseData);
parseJSONWithGSON(responseData);
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}).start();
}
private void parseJSONWithGSON(String jsonData) {
Gson gson = new Gson();
List<App> appList = gson.fromJson(jsonData,new TypeToken<List<App>>(){}.getType());
for (App app : appList){
Log.d("MainActivity", "id is " + app.getId());
Log.d("MainActivity", "id length " + app.getId().length());
Log.d("MainActivity", "name is " + app.getName());
Log.d("MainActivity", "name length " + app.getName().length());
Log.d("MainActivity", "version is " + app.getVersion());
Log.d("MainActivity", "version length " + app.getVersion().length());
}
}
这里用到了一个泛型的知识,后面深究细节再去看相关知识。
8.5 网络编程的最佳实践
将通用的网络操作提取到一个公共的类里面,并提供对应的静态方法
我们首先给sendHttpRequest()方法添加了一个HttpCallbackListener参数,并开启了一个子线程,去执行具体的网络操作。子线程无法通过return语句去返回数据,因此我们将服务器响应的数据传入了onFinish()方法中,如果出现异常就将异常原因传入到onError()方法中。
这里只给出部分参考代码,具体实现细节不是很明白,后面学习了线程再补充。比如这句话
public class HttpUtil {
public static void sendHttpRequest(final String address, final HttpCallbackListener listener) {
new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
HttpURLConnection connection = null;
try {
URL url = new URL(address);
connection = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
connection.setRequestMethod("GET");
connection.setConnectTimeout(8000);
connection.setReadTimeout(8000);
connection.setDoInput(true);
connection.setDoOutput(true);
InputStream in = connection.getInputStream();
BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(in));
StringBuilder response = new StringBuilder();
String line;
while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
response.append(line);
}
if (listener != null) {
// 回调onFinish()方法
listener.onFinish(response.toString());
}
} catch (Exception e) {
if (listener != null) {
// 回调onError()方法
listener.onError(e);
}
} finally {
if (connection != null) {
connection.disconnect();
}
}
}
}).start();
}
}
接口的代码
public interface HttpCallbackListener {
void onFinish(String response);
void onError(Exception e);
}