python之os

1.返回操作系统类型的值为:posix,是Linux操作系统
值为nt,是windows操作系统

print(os.name)# posix
print('Linux' if os.name == 'posix' else 'Windows')# Linux

2.操作系统的详细信息

info = os.uname()

print(info)#posix.uname_result(sysname='Linux', nodename='foundation62.ilt.example.com', release='3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64', version='#1 SMP Thu Oct 29 17:29:29 EDT 2015', machine='x86_64')

print(info.sysname)#Linux

print(info.nodename)#foundation62.ilt.example.com

3.系统的环境变量

print(os.environ)#environ({'PATH': '/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin:/home/kiosk/.local/bin:/home/kiosk/bin', 'XAUTHORITY': '/run/gdm/auth-for-kiosk-1lIgZ3/database', 'IMSETTINGS_MODULE': 'none', 'HISTCONTROL': 'ignoredups', 'XMODIFIERS': '@im=ibus', 'GDMSESSION': 'gnome-classic', 'DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS': 'unix:abstract=/tmp/dbus-pVwgLWrIDW,guid=0609498466b86909962256315c177274', 'XDG_CURRENT_DESKTOP': 'GNOME-Classic:GNOME', 'MAIL': '/var/spool/mail/kiosk', 'SSH_AGENT_PID': '2674', 'LD_LIBRARY_PATH': '/home/kiosk/Desktop/pycharm-community-2016.3.2/bin:', 'USERNAME': 'kiosk', 'SESSION_MANAGER': 'local/unix:@/tmp/.ICE-unix/2521,unix/unix:/tmp/.ICE-unix/2521', 'LOGNAME': 'kiosk', 'PWD': '/home/kiosk/PycharmProjects/python/os', 'PYCHARM_HOSTED': '1', 'GJS_DEBUG_TOPICS': 'JS ERROR;JS LOG', 'PYTHONPATH': '/home/kiosk/PycharmProjects/python', 'LESSOPEN': '||/usr/bin/lesspipe.sh %s', 'SHELL': '/bin/bash', 'GIO_LAUNCHED_DESKTOP_FILE': '/home/kiosk/.local/share/applications/jetbrains-pycharm-ce.desktop', 'GNOME_DESKTOP_SESSION_ID': 'this-is-deprecated', 'IMSETTINGS_INTEGRATE_DESKTOP': 'yes', 'XDG_SESSION_DESKTOP': 'gnome-classic', 'SHLVL': '2', 'QT_IM_MODULE': 'ibus', 'HISTSIZE': '1000', 'TERM': 'dumb', 'XFILESEARCHPATH': '/usr/dt/app-defaults/%L/Dt', 'LANG': 'en_US.utf8', 'XDG_SESSION_ID': '1', 'DISPLAY': ':0', '_': '/home/kiosk/Desktop/pycharm-community-2016.3.2/jre/jre/bin/java', 'GDM_LANG': 'en_US.utf8', 'PYTHONIOENCODING': 'UTF-8', 'DESKTOP_SESSION': 'gnome-classic', 'GPG_AGENT_INFO': '/run/user/1000/keyring/gpg:0:1', 'USER': 'kiosk', 'XDG_MENU_PREFIX': 'gnome-', 'GIO_LAUNCHED_DESKTOP_FILE_PID': '6111', 'WINDOWPATH': '1', 'GJS_DEBUG_OUTPUT': 'stderr', 'XDG_SEAT': 'seat0', 'SSH_AUTH_SOCK': '/run/user/1000/keyring/ssh', 'PYTHONUNBUFFERED': '1', 'HOSTNAME': 'foundation62.ilt.example.com', 'NLSPATH': '/usr/dt/lib/nls/msg/%L/%N.cat', 'GNOME_SHELL_SESSION_MODE': 'classic', 'XDG_RUNTIME_DIR': '/run/user/1000', 'XDG_VTNR': '1', 'HOME': '/home/kiosk'})

4.通过key值获取环境变量对应的value值

print(os.environ.get('PATH'))#/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin:/home/kiosk/.local/bin:/home/kiosk/bin

5.判度是否为绝对路径

print(os.path.isabs('/tmp/passwd5'))# True
print(os.path.isabs('hello'))# False

6.生成绝对路径

print(os.path.abspath('hello.png'))#/home/kiosk/PycharmProjects/python/os/hello.png
print(os.path.join('/home/kiosk','hello.png'))#/home/kiosk/hello.png
print(os.path.join(os.path.abspath('.'),'hello.png'))#/home/kiosk/PycharmProjects/python/os/hello.png

7.获取目录名或文件名

filename = '/home/kiosk/PycharmProjects/20181117/day09/hello.png'
print(os.path.basename(filename))#hello.png
print(os.path.dirname(filename))#/home/kiosk/PycharmProjects/20181117/day09

8.创建目录 删除目录

os.makedirs('img/file1/file2')
os.mkdir('img')
os.rmdir('img')

9.创建文件 删除文件

os.mknod('00_ok.txt')
os.remove('00_ok.txt')

10.文件重命名(mv)

os.rename('00_ok.txt','data1.txt')

11.判断文件或目录是否存在

print(os.path.exists('ips.txt'))

12.分离后缀名和文件名

print(os.path.splitext('hello.png'))#('hello', '.png')

13.将目录和文件名分离

print(os.path.split('/tmp/hello/hello.png'))#('/tmp/hello', 'hello.png')

• 练习
  完成自动创建100个目录，目录名称为学生学号，
  学号的前四位均为‘0405’，
  学号总计为8位。举例如学号04050001

import os

# sid = 4050001
#
# for i in range(1,101):
#     res_sid = '0' + str(sid + i)
#     os.mkdir(res_sid)

sid_pre = '0405'

for i in range(1,101):
    i = str(i)
    i_len = len(i)
    if i_len == 1:
        sid_last = '000' + i

    elif i_len ==2:
        sid_last = '00' + i

    elif i_len == 3:
        sid_last = '0' + i
    else:
        pass
    res_sid = sid_pre + sid_last
    os.mkdir(res_sid)

练习2：

1. 在当前目录新建目录img, 里面包含多个文件, 文件名各不相同(X4G5.png)
2. 将当前img目录所有以.png结尾的后缀名改为.jpg

import os
import string
import random


def gen_code(len=4):
    # 随机生成4位的验证码
    li = random.sample(string.ascii_letters + string.digits, len)
    return ''.join(li)


def create_file():
    # 随机生成100个验证码
    li = {gen_code() for i in range(100)}
    os.mkdir('img')
    for name in li:
        os.mknod('img/' + name + '.png')


# create_file()


def modify_suffix(dirname, old_suffix, new_suffix):
    """
    :param dirname:操作的目录
    :param old_suffix: 之前的后缀名
    :param new_suffix: 新的后缀名
    :return:
    """
    # 1.判断查找的目录是否存在,如果不存在,报错
    if os.path.exists(dirname):
        # 2.找出所有以old_suffix(.png)结尾的文件
        pngfile = [filename for filename in os.listdir(dirname)
                   if filename.endswith(old_suffix)]
        # pngfiles = filter(lambda filename:filename.endswith(old_suffix)
        #                   ,os.listdir(dirname))
        # 3.将文件名和后缀名分开,留下文件名
        basefiles = [os.path.splitext(filename)[0] for filename in pngfile]
        # print(basefiles)
        # 4.文件重命名
        for filename in basefiles:
            #需要加上目录名
            oldname = os.path.join(dirname,filename+old_suffix)
            newname = os.path.join(dirname,filename+new_suffix)
            os.rename(oldname,newname)
            print('%s命名为%s成功' %(oldname,newname))
    else:
        print('%s不存在,不能操作....' %(dirname))

modify_suffix('img','.jpg','.png')